Step by Step in Esperanto

KE=that, used as a link-word joining two sentences (a " conjunction "). Mi kredas, ke vi estas prava, I believe (that) you are right. Here ke joins the sentences Mi kredas and vi estas prava. Mi scias, ke li loĝas tie, I knozv (that) he lives there. Mi bedaŭras, ke vi malsanas; I am-sorry (regret) (that) you are ill.

In English that is often omitted, but you must not omit the ke. Place a comma before ke, to divide the sentences.

Mi ĉial ĝojas, ke mi estas Esperantisto. Cu vi sentas, ke mi eraras ? Nia opinio estas (ni opinias) (It is-our-opinion_f zve think\ ke tio estas ideo idiota. Kial vi supozas, ke tio ne estas ebla? §i pretendas (<claims), ke ŝi estas reĝidino. Mi divenas (guess), ke vi estas okjara.

Mi respektas lin tial, ke (because, for the reason that) li estas tre modesta. (Tial ke=a strong form of ĉar).

Tri gradoj de mar-malsano. (1) Mi kredas, ke mi mortas. (2) Mi scias, ke mi mortas. (3) Mi timas, ke mi ne mortas.

" Cu vi opinias, ke mi estas idioto ? " " Tute ne 1 Tamen eble mi eraras."

Make sentences using ke after some of the words bedaŭr- (dir- flustr- ĝoj- instru- juĝ- kompren- konfes- konsent- leg- lern- memor- opini- plend- predik- pruv- rakont- respond- rev- ripet- sci- sent- skrib- sonĝ- telefon- telegraf-)as. Do not forget the comma.

(b) Complete the follozving sentences. Ne forgesu, ke ... Memoru, ke . .. *Ne respondu, ke . .. Kredu al mi, ke .. . Li ofte asertas, ke . . . Kial vi supozas, ke . . . Cu vi do timas, ke . . . ? Cu vi vere suspektas, ke ... ?

THAT

This English word has many meanings, and must be translated accordingly. He says about that, that that " that " that is in your essay is zvrong, Li diras pri tio, ke tiu " that kiu estas en via eseo, estas malĝusta.

She says (that) he is rich, but for-some-reason I do not suppose (that) that is true. Tell him (that) I am not a man of-that-kind. I jfeel (that) you are wrong on that matter. She asserts (that) she is right about that question. Do not believe that all that is in that book ts true. That proves the earth is round.

EE JES, KE NE

The translation of ke jes, ke ne, depends on the context. Ĉu li estas tie ? (Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe he ts, I think so. Mi supozas, ke ne, I suppose he isrit. I suppose not). ĉu vi komprenas ? (Mi timas, ke ne, Tm afraid not. Ifear I dorit. Mi scias, ke jes, I knozo I do).

Write similar questions and anszuers, using ke jes, ke ne, after some of the verbs asert-(bedaŭr- dir- esper- ĝoj- insist- konfes- konsent- kred- opini- ripet- sci- skrib- supoz- suspekt- telefon- tim- vid-)as (Compare 104-5).

NOTE ON PREPOSITIONS

Al, apud, de, dum, en, inter, kun, por, pri, sen, sub, super, sur, tra, trans, are prepositions (96).

In English conversation we often end a sentence with a preposition, thus : " What are you sitting on ? " ^u Whom are you thinking of ? —in spite of the famous rule "A pre- position is a word you must not end a sentence with " ! But in Esperanto you may NOT do this. Write, therefore : " Sur kio vi sidas ? " " Pri kiu vi pensas ? ".

Translate these questions and answer them. What are you complaining of ? Which tovon do you come from ? What are zve reading through ? What are zve fighting for ? What is your money in ? Whom are you sitting near ? What are you doubtful about ? Whom are you zvaiting for ? What does an apple grow on ? Whom are you zvriting to ? What are you talking about ? Whom are you dreaming Of?

" SUBJECT " AND " OBJECT "

Most sentences contain (1) a SUBJECT (the thing or person we are talking about) and (2) a VERB (which says what the subject is or does). Thus, in la suno brilas, and li staras tie, la suno is the subject of the verb brilas, and li is the subject of the verb staras. The answer to What ? Who ? asked before a verb, is the subject of the sentence. What shines ? (la suno). Who stands ? (li).

Usually the subject comes before the verb. But it need not do so (20, 23). One may say, for example, Brilas la suno. Tie staras li.

•Even " What was the man who asked what you chose that book to be read to out of for up to ? " 1

293* Namc the subject and the verb in sentences from previous lesson3.