Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

34. Debunking the soul: Blackmore 1991; Braithwaite 2008; Musolino 2015; Shermer 2002; Stein 1996. See also the magazines Skeptical Inquirer (http://www.csicop.org/si) and The Skeptic (http://www.skeptic.com/) for regular updates.

35. Stenger 2011.

36. The multiverse: Carroll 2016; Tegmark 2003; B. Greene, “Welcome to the Multiverse,” Newsweek, May 21, 2012.

37. A universe from nothing: Krauss 2012.

38. B. Greene, “Welcome to the Multiverse,” Newsweek, May 21, 2012.

39. Easy and hard problems of consciousness: Block 1995; Chalmers 1996; McGinn 1993; Nagel 1974; see also Pinker 1997/2009, chaps. 2 and 8, and S. Pinker, “The Mystery of Consciousness,” Time, Jan. 19, 2007.

40. Adaptive nature of consciousness: Pinker, 1997/2009, chap. 2.

41. Dehaene 2009; Dehaene & Changeux 2011; Gaillard et al. 2009.

42. For an extended defense of this distinction, see Goldstein 1976.

43. Nagel 1974, p. 441. Nearly four decades later, Nagel changed his mind (see Nagel 2012), but like most philosophers and scientists, I think he got it right the first time. See, for example, S. Carroll, Review of Mind and Cosmos, http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/08/22/mind-and-cosmos/; E. Sober, “Remarkable Facts: Ending Science as We Know It,” Boston Review, Nov. 7, 2012; B. Leiter & M. Weisberg, “Do You Only Have a Brain?” The Nation, Oct. 3, 2012.

44. McGinn 1993.

45. Moral realism: Sayre-McCord 1988, 2015. Moral realists: Boyd 1988; Brink 1989; de Lazari-Radek & Singer 2012; Goldstein 2006, 2010; Nagel 1970; Parfit 2011; Railton 1986; Singer 1981/2010.

46. Examples are the European wars of religion (Pinker 2011, pp. 234, 676–77) and even the American Civil War (Montgomery & Chirot 2015, p. 350).

47. White 2011, pp. 107–11.

48. S. Bannon, remarks to a conference at the Vatican, 2014, transcribed in J. L. Feder, “This Is How Steve Bannon Sees the Entire World,” BuzzFeed, Nov. 16, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/this-is-how-steve-bannon-sees-the-entire-world.

49. Nazis sympathetic to Christianity and vice versa: Ericksen & Heschel 1999; Hellier 2011; Heschel 2008; Steigmann-Gall 2003; White 2011. Hitler was not an atheist: Hellier 2011; Murphy 1999; Richards 2013; see also “Hitler Was a Christian,” http://www.evilbible.com/evil-bible-home-page/hitler-was-a-christian/.

50. Interview with Richard Breiting, 1931, published in Calic 1971, p. 86. According to Hathaway & Shapiro 2017, p. 251, this quote was attributed to Mein Kampf by the Nazi legal theorist Carl Schmitt. For similar quotations, see the references in the preceding note.

51. Sam Harris, The End of Faith (2004); Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (2006); Daniel Dennett, Breaking the Spell (2006); Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great (2007).

52. Randall Munroe, “Atheists,” https://xkcd.com/774/.

53. The claim that people treat scripture allegorically (for example, Wieseltier 2013) is untrue: A 2005 Rasmussen poll found that 63 percent of Americans believed that the Bible is literally true (http://legacy.rasmussenreports.com/2005/Bible.htm); a 2014 Gallup poll found that 28 percent of Americans believed that “the Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word,” and another 47 percent believed it was “the inspired word of God” (L. Saad, “Three in Four in U.S. Still See the Bible as Word of God,” Gallup, June 4, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/170834/three-four-bible-word-god.aspx).

54. Psychology of religion: Pinker 1997/2009, chap. 8; Atran 2002; Bloom 2012; Boyer 2001; Dawkins 2006; Dennett 2006; Goldstein 2010.

55. Why there is no “God module”: Pinker 1997/2009, chap. 8; Bloom 2012; Pinker 2005.

56. Community participation, not religious belief, explains the benefits of religious belonging: Putnam & Campbell 2010; see Bloom 2012 and Susan Pinker 2014 for reviews. For a recent study finding the same pattern for mortality, see Kim, Smith, & Kang 2015.

57. Regressive religious policies: Coyne 2015.

58. God and climate: Bean & Teles 2016; see also chapter 18, note 86.

59. Trump support from Evangelicals: See New York Times 2016 and chapter 20, note 34.

60. A. Wilkinson, “Trump Wants to ‘Totally Destroy’ a Ban on Churches Endorsing Political Candidates,” Vox, Feb. 7, 2017.

61. “The Oprah Winfrey Show Finale,” oprah.com, http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/the-oprah-winfrey-show-finale_1/all.

62. Excerpted and lightly edited from “The Universe—Uncensored,” Inside Amy Schumer, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eqCaiwmr_M.

63. Hostility to atheists: G. Paul & P. Zuckerman, “Don’t Dump On Us Atheists,” Washington Post, April 30, 2011; Gervais & Najle 2017.

64. From the World Christian Encyclopedia (2001), cited in Paul & Zuckerman 2007.