Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

3. Naming species: Costello, May, & Stork 2013. The estimate refers to eukaryotic species (those with a nucleus, excluding viruses and bacteria).

4. The party of stupid: See chapter 21, notes 71 and 73.

5. Mooney 2005; see also Pinker 2008b.

6. Lamar Smith and the House Science Committee: J. D. Trout, “The House Science Committee Hates Science and Should Be Disbanded,” Salon, May 17, 2016.

7. J. Mervis, “Updated: U.S. House Passes Controversial Bill on NSF Research,” Science, Feb. 11, 2016.

8. From Note-book of Anton Chekhov. The quote continues, “What is national is no longer science.”

9. J. Lears, “Same Old New Atheism: On Sam Harris,” The Nation, April 27, 2011.

10. L. Kass, “Keeping Life Human: Science, Religion, and the Soul,” Wriston Lecture, Manhattan Institute, Oct. 18, 2007, https://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/2007-wriston-lecture-keeping-life-human-science-religion-and-soul-8894.html. See also L. Kass, “Science, Religion, and the Human Future,” Commentary, April 2007, pp. 36–48.

11. On the numbering of the Two Cultures, see chapter 3, note 12.

12. D. Linker, “Review of Christopher Hitchens’s ‘And Yet . . .’ and Roger Scruton’s ‘Fools, Frauds and Firebrands,’” New York Times Book Review, Jan. 8, 2016.

13. Snow introduced the term “Third Culture” in a postscript to The Two Cultures called “A Second Look.” He was vague about who he had in mind, referring to them as “social historians,” by which he seems to have meant social scientists; Snow 1959/1998, pp. 70, 80.

14. Revival of “Third Culture”: Brockman 1991. Consilience: Wilson 1998.

15. L. Wieseltier, “Crimes Against Humanities,” New Republic, Sept. 3, 2013.

16. Hume as cognitive psychologist: See the references in Pinker 2007a, chap. 4. Kant as cognitive psychologist: Kitcher 1990.

17. The definition is from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Papineau 2015, which adds, “The great majority of contemporary philosophers would accept naturalism as just characterized.” In a survey of 931 philosophy professors (mainly analytic/Anglo-American), 50 percent endorsed “naturalism,” 26 percent endorsed “non-naturalism,” and 24 percent indicated “other,” including “The question is too unclear to answer” (10 percent), “Insufficiently familiar with the issue” (7 percent), and “Agnostic/undecided” (3 percent); Bourget & Chalmers 2014.

18. No “scientific method”: Popper 1983.

19. Falsificationism versus Bayesian inference: Howson & Urbach 1989/2006; Popper 1983.

20. In 2012–13, the New Republic published four denunciations of scientism, and others appeared in Bookforum, the Claremont Review, the Huffington Post, The Nation, National Review Online, the New Atlantis, the New York Times, and Standpoint.

21. According to the Open Syllabus Project (http://opensyllabusproject.org/), which has analyzed more than a million university syllabuses, Structure is the twentieth most assigned book overall, well ahead of The Origin of Species. A classic book with a more realistic take on how science works, Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery, is not in the top 200.

22. Kuhn controversy: Bird 2011.

23. Wootton 2015, p. 16, note ii.

24. The quotes come from J. De Vos, “The Iconographic Brain. A Critical Philosophical Inquiry into (the Resistance of) the Image,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, May 15, 2014. This was not the researcher I heard (a transcript of his talk is not available), but the content was essentially the same.

25. Carey et al. 2016. Similar examples may be found in the Twitter stream New Real PeerReview, @RealPeerReview.

26. From the first page of Horkheimer & Adorno 1947/2007.

27. Foucault 1999; see Menschenfreund 2010; Merquior 1985.

28. Bauman 1989, p. 91. See Menschenfreund 2010, for analysis.

29. Ubiquity of premodern genocide and autocracy, and their decline after 1945: See the references in chapters 11 and 14, and in Pinker 2011, chaps. 4–6. On Foucault’s neglect of totalitarianism before the Enlightenment, see Merquior 1985.

30. Ubiquity of slavery: Patterson 1985; Payne 2004; see also Pinker 2011, chap. 4. Religious justifications for slavery: Price 2006.

31. Greeks and Arabs on Africans: Lewis 1990/1992. Cicero on Britons: B. Delong, “Cicero: The Britons Are Too Stupid to Make Good Slaves,” http://www.bradford-delong.com/2009/06/cicero-the-britons-are-too-stupid-to-make-good-slaves.html.