Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

90. Though more than a quarter of the world’s 195 countries are Muslim-majority, none are found among the thirty-eight ranked as “Very High” and “High” on the Social Progress Index (Porter, Stern, & Green 2016, pp. 19–20) or among the twenty-five happiest (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs 2016). None is a “full democracy,” just three are “flawed democracies,” and more than forty are “authoritarian” or “hybrid” regimes: The Economist Intelligence Unit, https://infographics.economist.com/2017/DemocracyIndex/. For similar assessments, see Marshall & Gurr 2014; Marshall, Gurr, & Jaggers 2016; Pryor 2007.

91. Wars in 2016: See chapter 11, note 9; and Gleditsch & Rudolfsen 2016. Terrorism: Institute for Economics and Peace 2016, using data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, http://www.start.umd.edu/.

92. Precocious scientific revolution: Al-Khalili 2010; Huff 1993. Tolerance in the Arab and Ottoman Empires: Lewis 2002; Pelham 2016.

93. Regressive passages in the Quran, Hadith, and Sunna: Rizvi 2017, chap. 2; Hirsi Ali 2015a, 2015b; S. Harris, “Verses from the Koran,” Truthdig, http://www.truthdig.com/images/diguploads/verses.html; The Skeptic’s Annotated Quran, http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/quran/int/long.html. Recent discussion by journalists include R. Callimachi, “ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape,” New York Times, Aug. 13, 2015; G. Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants,” The Atlantic, March 2015; and Wood 2017. Recent scholarly discussions include Cook 2014 and Bowering 2015.

94. Alexander & Welzel 2011, pp. 256–58.

95. Alexander and Welzel cite the Bertelsmann Foundation’s Religious Monitor. See also Pew Research Center 2012c; WIN-Gallup International 2012, for comparable figures (though with regional variation).

96. Quotes from Pew Research Center 2013, pp. 24 and 15, and Pew Research Center 2012c, pp. 11 and 12. The countries asked about interpreting the Quran word for word were the United States and fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which probably bracket the range. The exceptions to wanting sharia as national law include Turkey, Lebanon, and formerly communist regions.

97. Welzel 2013; see also Alexander & Welzel 2011 and Inglehart 2017.

98. Alexander & Welzel 2011. See also Pew Research Center 2013, which found higher support for sharia law among devout Muslims.

99. Religious stranglehold: Huff 1993; Kuran 2010; Lewis 2002; United Nations Development Programme 2003; Montgomery & Chirot 2015, chap. 7; see also Rizvi 2017 and Hirsi Ali 2015a for first-person accounts.

100. Reactionary Islam: Montgomery & Chirot 2015, chap. 7; Lilla 2016; Hathaway & Shapiro 2017.

101. Western intellectuals apologizing for repression in the Islamic world: Berman 2010; J. Palmer, “The Shame and Disgrace of the Pro-Islamist Left,” Quillette, Dec. 6, 2015; J. Tayler, “The Left Has Islam All Wrong,” Salon, May 10, 2015; J. Tayler, “On Betrayal by the Left—Talking with Ex-Muslim Sarah Haider,” Quillette, March 16, 2017.

102. Quoted in J. Tayler, “On Betrayal by the Left—Talking with Ex-Muslim Sarah Haider,” Quillette, March 16, 2017.

103. Al-Khalili 2010; Huff 1993.

104. Sen 2000, 2005, 2009; see also Pelham 2016, for examples in the Ottoman Empire.

105. Esposito & Mogahed 2007; Inglehart 2017; Welzel 2013.

106. Islamic modernization: Mahbubani & Summers 2016. Cohort replacement: See chapter 15, especially figure 15-7; Inglehart 2017; Welzel 2013. Inglehart notes, however, that while thirteen of the Muslim-majority countries in the World Values Survey show a generational shift toward gender equality, fourteen do not; the reasons for the split are unclear.

107. J. Burke, “Osama bin Laden’s bookshelf: Noam Chomsky, Bob Woodward, and Jihad,” The Guardian, May 20, 2015.

108. Extramural drivers of moral progress: Appiah 2010; Hunt 2007.

109. Nietzsche’s famous works, many of whose titles have become highbrow memes, include The Birth of Tragedy, Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spake Zarathustra, The Genealogy of Morals, Twilight of the Idols, Ecce Homo, and The Will to Power. For critical discussion, see Anderson 2017; Glover 1999; Herman 1997; Russell 1945/1972; Wolin 2004.

110. The first three quotations are taken from Russell 1945/1972, pp. 762–66, the last two from Wolin 2004, pp. 53, 57.

111. Relativismo e Fascismo, quoted in Wolin 2004, p. 27.

112. Rosenthal 2002.

113. Nietzsche’s influence on Rand and her cover-up: Burns 2009.

114. From The Genealogy of Morals and The Will to Power, quoted in Wolin 2004, pp. 32–33.