Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

32. Gobineau, Wagner, Chamberlain, and Hitler: Herman 1997, chap. 2; see also Hellier 2011; Richards 2013. Many misconceptions about the link between “racial science” and Darwinism were spread by the biologist Stephen Jay Gould in his tendentious 1981 bestseller The Mismeasure of Man; see Blinkhorn 1982; Davis 1983; Lewis et al. 2011.

33. Darwinian versus traditional, religious, and Romantic theories of race: Hellier 2011; Price 2009; Price 2006.

34. Hitler was not a Darwinian: Richards 2013; see also Hellier 2011; Price 2006.

35. Evolution as Rorschach test: Montgomery & Chirot 2015. Social Darwinism: Degler 1991; Leonard 2009; Richards 2013.

36. The misapplication of the term social Darwinism to a variety of right-wing movements was begun by the historian Richard Hofstadter in his 1944 book Social Darwinism in American Thought; see Johnson 2010; Leonard 2009; Price 2006.

37. An example is an article on evolutionary psychology in Scientific American by John Horgan entitled “The New Social Darwinists” (October 1995).

38. Glover 1998, 1999; Proctor 1988.

39. As in the title of another Scientific American article by John Horgan, “Eugenics Revisited: Trends in Behavioral Genetics” (June 1993).

40. Degler 1991; Kevles 1985; Montgomery & Chirot 2015; Ridley 2000.

41. Tuskegee reexamined: Benedek & Erlen 1999; Reverby 2000; Shweder 2004; Lancet Infectious Diseases Editors 2005.

42. Review boards abridge free speech: American Association of University Professors 2006; Schneider 2015; C. Shea, “Don’t Talk to the Humans: The Crackdown on Social Science Research,” Lingua Franca, Sept. 2000, http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/print/0009/humans.html. Review boards as ideological weapons: Dreger 2007. Review boards bog down research without protecting subjects: Atran 2007; Gunsalus et al. 2006; Hyman 2007; Klitzman 2015; Schneider 2015; Schrag 2010.

43. Moss 2005.

44. Protecting suicide bombers: Atran 2007.

45. Philosophers against bioethics: Glover 1998; Savulescu 2015. For other critiques of contemporary bioethics, see Pinker 2008b; Satel 2010; S. Pinker, “The Case Against Bioethocrats and CRISPR Germline Ban,” The Niche, Aug. 10, 2015, https://ipscell.com/2015/08/stevenpinker/8/; S. Pinker, “The Moral Imperative for Bioethics,” Boston Globe, Aug. 1, 2015; H. Miller, “When ‘Bioethics’ Harms Those It Is Meant to Protect,” Forbes, Nov. 9, 2016. See also the references in note 42 above.

46. See the references in chapter 21, notes 93–102.

47. Dawes, Faust, & Meehl 1989; Meehl 1954/2013. Recent replications: Mental health, Ægisdóttir et al. 2006; Lilienfeld et al. 2013; selection and admission decisions, Kuncel et al. 2013; violence, Singh, Grann, & Fazel 2011.

48. Blessed are the peacekeepers: Fortna 2008, p. 173. See also Hultman, Kathman, & Shannong 2013, and Goldstein 2011, who credits peacekeeping forces with much of the post-1945 decline of war.

49. Ethnic neighbors rarely fight: Fearon & Laitin 1996, 2003; Mueller 2004.

50. Chenoweth 2016; Chenoweth & Stephan 2011.

51. Revolutionary leaders are educated: Chirot 1994. Suicide terrorists are educated: Atran 2003.

52. Trouble in the humanities: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2015; Armitage et al. 2013. For earlier lamentations, see Pinker 2002/2016, opening to chap. 20.

53. Why democracy needs the humanities: Nussbaum 2016.

54. Cultural pessimism in the humanities: Herman 1997; Lilla 2001, 2016; Nisbet 1980/2009; Wolin 2004.

55. The framers and human nature: McGinnis 1996, 1997. Politics and human nature: Pinker 2002/2016, chap. 16; Pinker 2011, chaps. 8 and 9; Haidt 2012; Sowell 1987.

56. Art and science: Dutton 2009; Livingstone 2014.

57. Music and science: Bregman 1990; Lerdahl & Jackendoff 1983; Patel 2008; see also Pinker 1997/2009, chap. 8.

58. Literature and science: Boyd, Carroll, & Gottschall 2010; Connor 2016; Gottschall 2012; Gottschall & Wilson 2005; Lodge 2002; Pinker 2007b; Slingerland 2008; see also Pinker 1997/2009, chap. 8, and William Benzon’s blog New Savanna, new.savanna.blogspot.com.

59. Digital humanities: Michel et al. 2010; see the e-journal Digital Humanities Now (http://digitalhumanitiesnow.org/), the Stanford Humanities Center (http://shc.stanford.edu/digital-humanities), and the journal Digital Humanities Quarterly (http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/).

60. Gottschall 2012; A. Gopnik, “Can Science Explain Why We Tell Stories?” New Yorker, May 18, 2012.

61. Wieseltier 2013, “Crimes Against Humanities,” which was a reply to my essay “Science Is Not Your Enemy” (Pinker 2013b); see also “Science vs. the Humanities, Round III” (Pinker & Wieseltier 2013).

62. Pre-Darwinian, pre-Copernican: L. Wieseltier, “Among the Disrupted,” New York Times, Jan. 7, 2015.

63. In “A Letter Addressed to the Abbe Raynal,” Paine 1778/2016, quoted in Shermer 2015.