Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

115. Tyrannophilia: Lilla 2001. The syndrome was first identified in The Treason of the Intellectuals by the French philosopher Julian Benda (Benda 1927/2006). More recent histories include Berman 2010; Herman 1997; Hollander 1981/2014; Sesardić 2016; Sowell 2010; Wolin 2004. See also Humphrys (undated).

116. Scholars and Writers for America, “Statement of Unity,” Oct. 30, 2016, https://scholarsandwritersforamerica.org/.

117. J. Baskin, “The Academic Home of Trumpism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 17, 2017.

118. Nietzsche influenced not only Mussolini but the Fascist theoretician Julius Evola, discussed below. He also influenced the philosopher Leo Strauss, a major influence on the Claremont school and reactionary theoconservatism; see J. Baskin, “The Academic Home of Trumpism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 17, 2017; Lampert 1996.

119. Nationalism and counter-Enlightenment Romanticism: Berlin 1979; Garrard 2006; Herman 1997; Howard 2001; McMahon 2001; Sternhell 2010; Wolin 2004.

120. Rediscovery of early Fascists: J. Horowitz, “Steve Bannon Cited Italian Thinker Who Inspired Fascists,” New York Times, Feb. 10, 2017; P. Levy, “Stephen Bannon Is a Fan of a French Philosopher . . . Who Was an Anti-Semite and a Nazi Supporter,” Mother Jones, March 16, 2017; M. Crowley, “The Man Who Wants to Unmake the West,” Politico, March/April 2017. Alt-right: A. Bokhari & M. Yiannopoulos, “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right,” Breitbart.com, March 29, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/03/29/an-establishment-conservatives-guide-to-the-alt-right/. Nietzsche’s influence on the alt-right: G. Wood, “His Kampf,” The Atlantic, June 2017; S. Illing, “The Alt-Right Is Drunk on Bad Readings of Nietzsche. The Nazis Were Too,” Vox, Aug. 17, 2017, https://www.vox.com/2017/8/17/16140846/nietzsche-richard-spencer-alt-right-nazism.

121. Naïve evolutionary-psychological explanation of nationalism, and its problems: Pinker 2012.

122. Theoconservatism: Lilla 2016; Linker 2007; Pinker 2008b.

123. Written under the pseudonym Publius Decius Mus; see Publius Decius Mus 2016. See also M. Warren, “The Anonymous Pro-Trump ‘Decius’ Now Works Inside the White House,” Weekly Standard, Feb. 2, 2017.

124. The reactionary mindset: Lilla 2016. For more on reactionary Islam, see Montgomery & Chirot 2015 and Hathaway & Shapiro 2017.

125. A. Restuccia & J. Dawsey, “How Bannon and Pruitt Boxed In Trump on Climate Pact,” Politico, May 31, 2017.

126. Cognitive flexibility of “tribe”: Kurzban, Tooby, & Cosmides 2001; Sidanius & Pratto 1999; see also Center for Evolutionary Psychology, UCSB, Erasing Race FAQ, http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/erasingrace.htm.

127. Manipulating group intuitions: Pinker 2012.

128. Tribalism and cosmopolitanism: Appiah 2006.

129. Diamond 1997; Sowell 1994, 1996, 1998.

130. Glaeser 2011; Sowell 1996.

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