COMPLETE MANUAL OF THE AUXILIARY LANGUAGE IDO

dis-sendar,distribute (by letter).

des-, the contrary (of any action, quality, etc.):

des-honoro,dishonour. des-plezar,to displease.

des-facila,difficult. des-espero,despair.

des-pruvar,to disprove.

ne-, really an adverb meaning "not," is much used as a prefix to indicate negation. It differs widely from des-, which marks the "direct opposite." There is all the difference in the world between a piece of evidence that does not prove a charge (atesto ne-pruvanta) and one that disproves it (atesto des-pruvanta):

vole o ne-vole,willy-nilly.

sen-, a preposition meaning "without," is also used as a prefix having the value of the English -less:

sen-viva,lifeless. sen-hara,hairless.

mi-, half:

mi-horo,half-an-hour. mi-apertita,half-open, ajar.

mis-, wrongly, amiss:

mis-lektar, to misread.

mis-pozar, to misplace. (Note the verb egarar, to mislay).

-ach-, pejorative, giving a bad sense:

popul-acho,populace. rid-achar,to guffaw.

skrib-achar,to scrawl.

CONVERSATION.

You look pale,

Vu aspektas pala.

Are you unwell?

Kad vu esas ne-sana?

I have a cold,

Me havas kataro.

I have caught cold,

Me prenis kataro.

Don't stand in the draught,

Ne restez en la aer-fluo.

Send for the doctor,

Querigez la mediko.

Are you often ill?

Kad vu esas ofte malada?

No, very seldom.

No, tre rare.

I don't remember being ill since I was a child,

Me ne memoras esir malada, depos mea infanteso.

Last year I had a cold in the head,

Lasta-yare, me havis nazkataro.

I had to stay at home for two days,

Me mustis restar en la domo dum du dii.

But I did not go to bed,

Ma me ne restis en la lito.

Complete Manual - Lesson 8

LESSON VIII.

THE PASSIVE VOICE is formed with the verb "to be" followed by passive participle:

La puero esas am-ata,The boy is loved.

La puero esis am-ata,The boy was loved.

La puero esos am-ata,The boy will be loved.

The Perfect Tenses are formed with the suffix -ab-:

La puero esabis amata,The boy had been loved.

La puero esabos amata,The boy will have been loved.

All these forms can be contracted by adding the verb "to be" directly to the root:

La puero am-esas,The boy is loved.

It is, however, advisable not to contract the -ab- forms as they are clumsy and hard to follow in conversation. Thus La puero esabos amata is to be preferred to La puero amesabos.

The present participle passive is most used, but the others are occasionally required. For example, the past perfect passive can be translated with the help of the past participle:

La puero esis amita,The boy had been loved (literally, was a was-loved-person.)

The future in -ota is used in the same way as -onta is in the active voice, to translate "about to be," "going to be":

Ol esas fac-ota,It is about to be done.

La letro esas skrib-ota,The letter is going to be written.

The contracted passive is useful in sentences like the following:

Ica vorto uzesas rare,This word is seldom used.

It is frequently neater and clearer to avoid the passive by using the pronoun on, one, they, people, with the active:

On trovas diamanti en India,Diamonds are found in India.

The preposition by after a passive verb is always translated by da:

Ol esas recevita da li,It has been received by them.

The preposition of (possessive and genitive case) is di; from is de.

This is Peter's book, received by Paul from John.

Ita esas la libro di Petro recevita da Paulo de Johano.

The reception of the President of the French Republic by the King of England.

La acepto di la Prezidanto di la Franca Republiko da la Rejo di Anglia.

Like other adsjectives, the participles can be changed into nouns of the same sense by changing the final -a into -o or -i:

La parol-ant-o esas la urb-estr-o,

The man-now-speaking is the mayor.