COMPLETE MANUAL OF THE AUXILIARY LANGUAGE IDO

Qua viro parolis?Which man spoke?

ACCUSATIVE. - Qua, quo, qui, when they are the object of a verb and placed before the subject, take the accusative (-n):

La viro quan vu vidis,The man whom you saw.

Quin vu vidas?Whom (plural) do you see?

Quon il dicis?What did he say?

Me ne audis quon il dicis,I did not hear what he said.

PLURAL PRONOUNS. - The adjective is invariable; but when used without a noun, it becomes a noun itself, and takes the plural, if necessary:

Blanka hundi, nigra kavali,White dogs, black horses.

La blanki, e la nigri,The whites and the blacks.

Il manjis sua pomi, el manjis sui,He ate his apples, she ate hers.

DERIVATION. - The adjective in -a forms a noun in -o having the same sense:

bon-a,good; bon-o,good one, good man.

acesor-a,accessory; acesor-o,an accessory.

Or, vice versa:

or-o,gold; or-a,golden, made of gold.

AFFIXES. - -al forms adjectives meaning "belonging to" or "relating to":

univers-ala,universal. racion-ala,rational.

-oz means "full of," "containing", "rich in":

por-oza,porous. sabl-oza,sandy.

kuraj-oza,courageous. fam-oza,famous.

-em means "inclined to":

babil-ema,talkative. oci-ema,lazy.

labor-ema,industrious.

-ik means "sick of," "suffering from":

ftizi-iko,consumptive. artrit-iko,arthritic.

alkohol-iko,alcoholic patient.

-atr means "like," "similar to," "-ish":

sponj-atra,spongy. har-atra,hair-like.

verd-atra,greenish.

-e means "having the appearance or colour of":

viol-ea,violet (-coloured). musea,mouse-coloured.

roz-ea,rozy, pink.

CONVERSATION.

Give me a fork,

Donez a me forketo.

I have no spoon,

Me ne havas kuliero.

This knife is not sharp,

Ta kultelo ne esas akuta.

Pass me the salt,

Pasigez a me la salo.

May I trouble you for the bread?

Kad vu voluntus pasigar la pano?

Bring me a bottle of stout,

Ad-portez a me botelo de nigra biro.

Will you have a glass of ale?

Kad vu deziras glaso de flava biro?

I only drink water,

Me drinkas nur aquo.

Are you a teetotaler?

Kad vu esas anti-alkoholisto?

Will you have some salad?

Kad vu deziras salado?

Here is a fine lettuce,

Yen bela latugo.

Do you take oil and vinegar?

Kad vu prenas oleo e vinagro?

Here are the pepper and salt,

Yen la pipro e salo.

Complete Manual - Lesson 5

LESSON V. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN (this, these; that, those) is ita, shortened to ta, where euphony permits:

Kad ita esas vua libro?Is this your book?

Ta libri esas mea,Those books are mine.

When quite necessary to distinguish between "this," "that," use ica (or ca) for this, and ita (or ta) for that:

Ica esas bona, ita esas mala,This one is good, that one is bad.

When it means "this thing," "that thing," use to (or ito, co, ico):

Quo esas to?What is this?

Ico esas libro, ito esas plumo,This (thing) is a book, that (thing) is a pen.

"That which," "what" is translated to quo when used in the most general sense of "that thing or matter which." When some definite thing is referred to, use ta qua, "the one that," (plural: ti qui).

To quon me dicas esas...

What I say is -

Yen omnaspeca frukti, prenez ti quin vu preferas,

Here are all kinds of fruit, take those you like best.

When distinction of gender is necessary, il-, el-, ol- may be prefixed to these or any other pronouns, except naturally the personal pronouns themselves:

Ilti facis ol ed elti regardis,

Those (men) did it, and these (women) looked on.

La matro di mea amiko, elqua...

My friend's mother, who -

La matro di mea amiko, ilqua...

The mother of my friend, who -

POSSESSIVE. - Instead of whose, Ido uses of whom, of which, di qua:

La autoro, pri la libro di qua me parolis,