Jerusalem: The Biography

Christians and Jews: sects in Sepulchre, food, diseases, squalid lavatories, Greek vomit: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 60–78. Bells, strings, lines, 300 people in Sepulchre: Henry Timberlake quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 508–9. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell, Journey 80–100, 125–30. Church like a prison: Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 332. Holy Week riots 1757: Peters, Jerusalem 540. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St Laurent, OJ 415–21. Rise of Ayan Notables: Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 1–10; instability of Ottoman garrison and fighting and debauchery 271–80. Jerusalem promised by Bulutkapan Ali to Russia: Finkel 407–9; treaty 1774 with Russia 378–9. Most evil people: Constantin Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 332.

10 Zahir al-Umar: Rafeq, OJ 28–9. D. Crecelius, ‘Egypt’s Reawakening Interest in Palestine’, in Kushner, Palestine in Late Ottoman Period 247–60; Cohen 12–19 and 92, including plan to take Jerusalem, 47; Zahir’s North African troops 285; Vali’s expedition, the dawra 147–250. Pappe 35–8. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History (henceforth Rogan) 48–53. Zahir as ‘first King of Palestine’: Karl Sabbagh, Palestine: A Personal History 26–46. Bulutkapan Ali: Finkel 407–9; Russia 378–9.

PART EIGHT: EMPIRE

1 Napoleon Bonaparte and Jazzar Pasha. Rise and tortures and mutilations: Constatin de Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 235. Edward Daniel Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa 2.1.359–88, 2.2.3–5. Voyage and Travels of HM Caroline Queen of Great Britain 589–91. Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 20–9, 68–70, 285. Pappe 38–46. Finkel 399–412. Krämer 61–3. Nathan Schur, Napoleon in the Holy Land (henceforth Schur) 17–32. Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt (henceforth Strathern) 185, 335–7.

2 Napoleon in Palestine: this account is based on Schur and Strathern. Jaffa massacre Schur 67; Acre 140–6; retreat 163; Governor of Jerusalem in Jaffa 163–7. Strathern, origins of expedition 6–17; siege of Acre 336–46; Solomon’s Temple 317; Jaffa massacre 326. Jewish offer: Schur 117–21. Strathearn 352–6. Napoleon’s tent: Hintlian, JQ 2, 1998. Pappe on Jerusalem Families: 46–51.

3 Sidney Smith – this account of his life is based on: Tom Pocock, A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, in Acre, Jaffa, Jerusalem 100–20. Also: John Barrow, The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith 207. Strathern 337–40; Napoleon’s retreat 371–81; killing of sick 378; Kléber 409. Franciscan welcome in Jerusalem: Peter Shankland, Beware of Heroes: Admiral Sir S. Smith 91–5. Smith’s vanity, talking of himself: Colonel Bunbury quoted in Flora Fraser, The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline 136. March into Jerusalem: Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.520. James Finn, Stirring Times (henceforth Finn) 157. Edward Howard, The Memoirs of Sir Sidney Smith 146. Old Jazzar: Schur 171. 1808 fire in Sepulchre: Peters, Jerusalem 542. Population by 1806 – 8,000: OJ 4–5. Jerusalem and Gaza same population, c. 8,000 in 1800: Krämer 41–4. Jazzar versus Gaza: Pappe 47–51.

4 Early visitors and adventures: N. A. Silberman, Digging for Jerusalem (henceforth Silberman) 19–29. Y. Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century 31–67. Peters, Jerusalem 582–62. A. Elon, Jerusalem: A City of Mirrors 217. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.393–593, 2.2.3.

5 F. R. de Chateaubriand, Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary during the Years 1806 and 1807 1.368–86 and 2.15–179. Chateaubriand’s servant: Julien, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem par Julien, domestique de M. de Chateaubriand 88–9. On last of pilgrims, first of cultural imperialists including Chateaubriand: Ernst Axel Knauf, ‘Ottoman Jerusalem in Western Eyes’, in OJ 73–6. Pappe 49–53.