Jerusalem: The Biography

Christian pilgrimage, al-Mustansir, Jewish viziers: Stillman, CHE 1.206–7. Norman/Royal/aristocratic pilgrims: Douglas, William Conqueror 35–7. German pilgrimage led by Arnold Bishop of Bamberg and bloodbath outside Jerusalem 1064: Peters, Jerusalem 253. Bloodbath: see Florence of Worcester, Chronicle. Age of pilgrims: Runciman 143–9. Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (henceforth Tyerman) 43. Dangers and persecution of Christian pilgrims: William of Tyre 1.71 and 81. Tortures and burst bowels, Urban II quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 251; Jews, al-Zahir security 277. Jewish pilgrimage and travel: Goitein, Mediterranean Society 1.55–61. Muslim pilgrimage, Nasir-i-Khusrau: all quotations are from Nasir-i-Khusrau, Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine; on Nasir, Grabar, Shape of the Holy 137–8, 145–53. Holiness of Jerusalem: Hasson, Cathedra 1.177–83. Sanctity: Ibn Khaldun 269. Consecration of haj from Jerusalem: Duri in Asali, 118. Tustari grand viziers: Mann 1.74–6. Solomon ben Yehuda, gaon of Jerusalem 1025–51 – things ‘so bad like of which didn’t occur since the Jews returned’/on fall of Tustari; Jerusalem threatened by Arab rebels 1024–9; tolerance of al-Zahir of Jews and Karaites: Mann 1.134–6. Gaon and Nasi Daniel ben Azarya in Jerusalem eleven years 1051–62 succeeded as gaon by Elijah Hakkohen – but fled Jerusalem to Tyre: Mann 1.178–80; Arab revolt of Hassan of Banu Jarrah 1.158–71. Treaty with Byzantines: Runciman 1.35–7.

21 Seljuks: Ibn Khaldun 252. Atsiz takes Jerusalem, revolt and storming; Tutush and Ortuqids: Solomon ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, ‘The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo’, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures January 1906. Hiyari in Azali, Jerusalem 135–7. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 186. Joshua Prawer, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 7–9. Turkish military tactics: Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land 111–14. Ortuq and arrow: Runciman 1.76; Seljuks 1.59. Muslim revival including visit of al-Ghazali and Ibn al-Arabi: Mustafa A. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 130–7. Dangers and persecution of Christian pilgrims: William of Tyre 1.71. Tortures, Urban II: Peters, Jerusalem 251; Jews flee to Haifa then Tyre 277. Ruins of Jerusalem sites: Halevi, Selected Poems of Judah Halevi, ed. H. Brody 3–7. Maimonides, Code 28–30. Peters, Jerusalem 276–9. Muslims: Ghazali quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 279–80 and 409; Mujir 66 and 140; Nusseibeh, Country 126–7. Popular history of the Seljuks: John Freely, Storm on Horseback: Seljuk Warriors of Turkey 45–64.

PART FIVE: CRUSADE

1 Crusade, Godfrey, taking of Jerusalem. This account of the Crusades is based on the essential classics Steven Runciman, The Crusades; Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade; Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem; Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus (henceforth Pringle); the works of Benjamin Z. Kedar; and the excellent new books Christopher Tyerman, God’s War; Jonathan Phillips, Holy Warriors; and Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades; along with primary Christian sources William of Tyre, Fulcher of Chartres, Gesta Francorum and Raymond d’Aguilers, and Muslim sources Ibn al-Athir, and later Ibn Qalanisi and Usama bin Munqidh; on warfare, Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross; on life in Jerusalem, Adrian Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades.