Jerusalem: The Biography

Decline of Umayyads and rise of Abbasids: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 178–81. Dynasties have a natural span like individuals: Ibn Khaldun 136. On associations of Apocalypse and Divine Judgement with Jewish traditions of creation and Apocalypse: Grabar, Shape of the Holy 133. Jewish worship on Temple Mount 717–20: Frenkel, Sacred Esplanade 346–8.

On Jewish living areas, on Umayyad palaces: Bahat, Atlas 82–6. Jews banned from Haram and praying at walls, gates: Isaac ben Joseph quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 191, and Solomon ben Yeruham at 193. Mujir 56–7. On Christian pilgrims and festivals and Sepulchre: Arculf, St Adamnan, Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land 1.1–23. Williband and Arculf, quoted in Peters 202–12. Umayyad palaces: Archeological Park 26–7, including old stones and lavatory. Walid I and the desert qasrs, Umayyad singing stars: The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art 110–25. Walid II/Hisham – Palace of Khirbet al-Mafjar near Jericho – paintings at Rockefeller Museum. Decline of Umayyads and rise of Abbasids: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 180–1. Abassid denunciation of Umayyads: Humphreys quoting Tabari. Abbasid revolution: Wickham 295–7.

7 Al-Mansur. Take surname titles to separate themselves: Ibn Khaldun 181; Abbasid black banners and change to green 215. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 180–1. Kennedy, Conquests 11–50, including the dead Alids 16; Baghdad 133; court life 139; House of Wisdom/translation of Greek texts 252–60. House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31. Jonathan Lyons, House of Wisdom 62–70 and 89–90. Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi visits to Jerusalem: Peters, Jerusalem 215–17. Abbasid Haram: Kaplony, Sacred Esplanade 101–31. Al-Mansur and meanness of restorations: Mujir 59. Mahdi visit: Muqaddasi 41–2. Duri in Asali, Jerusalem 112–13. Decline in Jerusalem/quote of Thaur ibn Yazid: Neuwirth, OJ 77–93.

8 Haroun al-Rashid and Charlemagne. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 181–2. Kennedy, The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty 51–84. Peters, Jerusalem 217–23, including Benedict Chronicle and Memorandum on the Houses of God and Monasteries in the Holy City, listing staff and taxes; and Bernard, Itinerary. Hywel Williams, Emperor of the West: Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire, 230–3. William of Tyre, Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (henceforth William of Tyre) 1.64–5. Gift to Charlemagne: Lyons, House of Wisdom 45. On legend see: Anon., Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople. Charlemagne as David: Wickham 381.

9 Maamun. Climax of Arab culture – marriage of al-Maamun and Buran: Ibn Khaldun 139. Maamun: Kennedy, Court of the Caliphs 252–260; House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31; Lyons, House of Wisdom 62–70 and 89–90. Inscription of Maamun on al-Aqsa: Nasir-i-Khusrau, Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182. Abbasid Haram: Kaplony, Sacred Esplanade 101–31. Abbasid culture: Kennedy, Conquests 84–129; Tahirids and Abd Allah ibn Tahir liberates Jerusalem 91 and 203; sumptuous marriage 168; singing girls 173; Maamun in Syria and Egypt 208–9 and death 211–12. Maamun and House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31. Translation of Greek texts: Kennedy, Court of the Caliphs 252–60.

10 Destruction of dynasty prestige and rise of Persian/Turk ghulam: Ibn Khaldun 124; title of sultan, Abbasids lose power 155 and 193; decay of Abbasids 165–6. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182–3. Al-Mutasim, peasant revolts 840s, Turkish ghulam: Kennedy, Court of the Caliphs 213–17; dhimmi forced to wear yellow clothing by Caliph al-Mutawwakil in 850 240. Peasant revolt 841: Duri in Asali, Jerusalem 113; Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182. Khazar debate: see K. A. Brook, The Jews of Khazaria; A. Koestler, The Thirteenth Tribe; S. Sand, The Invention of the Jewish People; on the latest findings on Jewish genetics: ‘Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similiarity’, New York Times 9 June 2010.

11 Ibn Tulun and Tulunids: Thierry Bianquis, ‘Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868–969’, in Carl F. Petry (ed.), Cambridge History of Egypt, vol 1: Islamic Egypt 640–1517 (henceforth CHE 1) 86–108; the Carmatian rebellion 106–8; special role of Jerusalem 103. Karaites: Norman Stillman, ‘The Non-Muslim Communities: The Jewish Community’, in CHE 1.200. Rise of Karaites: Mann 1.60–5.