Jerusalem: The Biography

The Turkish amir Amjur and son Ali ruled Palestine for the Abbasids from 869 and were praised by Patriarch Theodosius for tolerance: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 183. Kennedy, Court of the Caliphs 84–111. Khazars: Brook, The Jews of Khazaria 96–8; Mann, 1.64. Gideon Avni: conversations with author, Khazar synagogue in Jewish Quarter quoted in Geniza. Khazars respect Jerusalem Academy: Mann 1.64–5.

12 Ikhshids and Kafur: Bianquis, CHE 1.109–19. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 183–4. Byzantine advance on Jerusalem: John Tzimiskes text in Peters, Jerusalem 243.

13 Ibn Killis: Bianquis, CHE 1.117. Stillman, CHE 1.206. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 184.

14 Fatimids/Jawhar/Killis as vizier, Fatimids: Paul E. Walker, ‘The Ismaili Dawa and the Fatimid Caliphate’, in CHE 1.120–48. Paula A. Sanders, ‘The Fatimid State’, in CHE 1.151–4. Bianquis, CHE 1.117. Messianic Fatimids: Wickham 336–8. Jewish potentates: Stillman, CHE 1.206–7. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 184. On Killis, Jewish Governor of Palestine-Syria, Christian viziers: Goitein, Mediterranean Society 1.33–4.

15 Paltiel/Jews and Christians in Jerusalem under the Fatimids. On Paltiel and places of prayer in Jerusalem: Ahima’as, The Chronicle of Ahima’as 64–6, 95–7. Moses Maimonides, Code of Maimonides Book 8 Temple Service 12, 17 and 28–30. On Paltiel and family: Mann, 1.252. Fatimids pay Jewish subsidy: Peters, Jerusalem 276 – proved by al-Hakim’s cancellation. Grabar, Shape of the Holy: Jews in Jerusalem/Paltiel’s funeral attacked in 1011: 144–50, 162–8. Mourners of Zion/call for aliyah by Daniel al Kumisi: Peters, Jerusalem 227–9; Karaites 229–32. Moshe Gil, ‘Aliyah and Pilgrimage in Early Arab Period’, in Cathedra 3.162–73. Jewish Academy: Peters, Jerusalem 232–3; poverty and begging letters 233–4; place of worship – Mount of Olives – Geniza says above Absalom’s monuments 603. Pilgrimage – aura of distinction and Jewish/Christian emulation of Muslims: Goitein, Mediterranean Society 1.55 Stillman, CHE 1.201–9. Christian pilgrimages from Egypt: Ibn al-Qalanisi, Continuation of the Chronicle of Damascus (henceforth Qalanisi) 65–7. Duri in Asali, Jerusalem 118–19.

16 Al-Muqaddasi and Islamic Jerusalem under the Fatimids: quotations are from Muqaddasi – on beauty of Dome, Haram and al-Aqsa 41–68; on mystics and cheeses 67–9; Jews and Christians 75–7; on Day of Judgement, filthy baths, water 34–7. Day of Judgement and arrival of Mahdi: Ibn Khaldun 257–8. Fatimid Haram: Kaplony, Sacred Esplanade 101–31. Duri in Asali, Jerusalem 119. A banana at the Dome: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 190 quotes Ibn Asakir.

17 Al-Hakim: Christian mother – William of Tyre 1.65–7. Sanders, CHE 1.152. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 185. Islamic seeking of knowledge: Goitein, Mediterranean Society 1.51. Runciman 1.35–6. Mann 1.33–41. On al-Khidr shrine see William Dalrymple, From Holy Mountain 339–44. Jaber el-Atrache, ‘Divinity of al-Hakim’, Lebanon through Writers’ Eyes (eds.) T. J. Gorton and A. F. Gorton, 170–1.

18 Holy Fire: Qalanisi 65–7. Martin Gilbert, Rebirth of a City 160. Shudder with horror – Mujir 67–8. Holy Fire, descriptions in Peters, Jerusalem 262, including first mention AD 870 of ritual in Bernard Itinerary 263. Christian pilgrims, including Fulk: David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror 35–7. Runciman 1.43–9.

19 Hakim, Holy Sepulchre and Death: Gilbert Rebirth of a City 160. Holy Fire: Mujir 67–8. Holy Fire, descriptions in Peters, Jerusalem 262, including first mention AD 870 of ritual in Bernard Itinerary 263. Christian pilgrims: Runciman 1.43–9. Fatimid Haram: Kaplony, Sacred Esplanade 101–31. Qalanisi 65–7. Yahya ibn Said quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 260; Jewish persecutions, loss of subsidy 276. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 132. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 185–6. Goitein, Mediterranean Society 1.1–5, 18, 34, 71. On Sweyn, Duke Robert of Normandy: Douglas, William Conqueror 35–7: Tuchman 3–4. ‘Divinity of Hakim’, Lebanon 170–1.

20 Al-Zahir and al-Mustansir, rebuilding of Holy Sepulchre, walls, Christian Quarter: Kaplony, Sacred Esplanade 101–31. Al-Zahir: William of Tyre 1.67–71; walls, Amalfitian hospice, Quarter 1.80–1; area of Muristan rebuilt 2.240–5. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 188. Rebuilding: Peters, Jerusalem 267; walls of Jerusalem and protection of Christian Patriarchs’ Quarter – Yahya quoted in Peters. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 132–3.