39. Masani (1990), pp. 243–5.
40. Организованный Фондом Хиксона, он часто называется Конференцией Хиксона или собраниеv Хиксона.
41. Цитаты из работы: von Neumann (1951), pp. 10, 20, 24, 34.
42. Цитаты из работы: McCulloch, W. (1951), in L. Jeffress (ed.), Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium (New York: Wiley), pp. 45–57, p. 55.
43. Conway and Siegelman (2005), pp. 199, 169.
44. Wiener, N. (1948), Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (New York: Technology Press), p. 124.
45. Pias, C. (ed.) (2016), Cybernetics: The Macy Conferences 1946–1953 (Zurich: Diaphenes), pp. 171–202.
46. Von Neumann, J. (1958), The Computer and the Brain (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 82.
47. Olby, R. (1994), The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA (New York: Dover), p. 354.
48. Pias (2016), p. 128.
49. Conway and Siegelman (2005), pp. 217–29.
50. Husbands, P. and Holland, O. (2008), in P. Husbands, et al. (eds.), The Mechanical Mind in History (London: MIT Press), pp. 91–148; Pickering, A. (2010), The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future (London: University of Chicago Press).
51. Husbands and Holland (2008), pp. 116–17; Husbands, P. and Holland, O. (2012), Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 37:237–53.
52. Hodges (2012), p. 251. From Hodges’s interview with Turing’s student Robin Gandy.
53. Pias (2016), pp. 474–9.
54. Soni and Goodman (2017), p. 204. Чтобы посмотреть полный фильм, см. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPKkXibQXGA.
55. Pias (2016), p. 478.
56. Soni and Goodman (2017), p. 205.
57. Pias (2016), p. 346.
58. Знаю, это не имеет смысла. Это шутка Доктора Кто.
59. Paul Mandel, ‘Deux ex Machina’, The Harvard Crimson, 5 May 1950.
60. Riskin (2016), p. 321.
61. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQE82derooc.
62. Pias (2016), pp. 593–619; Dupuy, J.-P. (2009), On the Origins of Cognitive Science: The Mechanization of the Mind (London: MIT Press), pp. 148–50.
63. Книга Эшби объясняет меньше, чем обещает ее название – Ashby, R. (1952), Design for a Brain (London: Chapman & Hall). Исследования гомеостата варьируются от полезных (e.g. Cariani, P., 2009, International Journal of General Systems 38:139–54) до невыносимо туманных (Dupuy, 2009).
64. Dupuy (2009); Boden (2006), vol. 1, pp. 222–32.
65. Ryle, G. (1949), The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson); Turing, A. (1950), Mind 59:433–60.
66. Turing (1950), p. 442.
67. Там же, p. 455.
68. MacKay, D. (1951), British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 2:105–21, p. 120.
69. Laslett, P. (ed.) (1950), The Physical Basis of Mind (Oxford: Blackwell); Young, J. (1951), Doubt and Certainty in Science: A Biologist’s Reflection on the Brain (Oxford: Clarendon).
70. Young (1951), pp. 50–51.
71. Sherrington, C. (1940), Man on his Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 225.
72. Smith, R. (2001), Science in Context 14:511–39.
73. Sherrington (1940), p. 357.
74. McCulloch and Pitts (1943), p. 132.
Настоящее
1. Fields, R. (2018), Journal of Neuroscience 38:9311–17; Carandini, M. (2019), Neuron 102:732–4.
2. Hughes, J. and Soderqvist, T. (1999), Endeavour 23:1–2.
10. Память. 1950-е годы – настоящее время
1. Eccles, J. and Feindel, F. (1978), Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24:473–513; Lewis, J. (1981), Something Hidden: A Biography of Wilder Penfield (Toronto: Doubleday).
2. Penfield, W. (1952), Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 67:178–91, p. 178.
3. Lashley, K. (1950), Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 4:454–82; Bruce, D. (2001), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 10:308–18.
4. Lashley (1950), pp. 477–8.
5. Penfield (1952), p. 185.
6. Там же, p. 196.
7. Penfield, W. (1954), in J. Delafresnaye (ed.), Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific), pp. 284–304, p. 306.
8. Higgins, J., et al. (1956), Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 76:399–419; Jacobs, J., et al. (2012), Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:553–63.