Jerusalem: The Biography

22 Latin Jerusalem 1229–44. Franks refortify Jerusalem; Nasir Daud takes city; then faced with Thibault of Navarre/Champagne restored to Franks along with part of Galilee; Nasir Daud retakes; then in spring 1244 Jerusalem again returned to Franks, allowed to control Haram: Humphreys, Ayyubids 260–5. New Frankish building, invasion of Nablusites, siege of Nasir Daud: Boas, Jerusalem 20 and 76. Tyerman 753–5, 765. Runciman 3.193 and 210–11. Jews: Prawer, Latin Kingdom 90. Goitein, Palestinian Jewry, 300. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Jews in Jerusalem’, in B. Z. Kedar (ed.), Jerusalem in the Middle Ages: Selected Papers 122–37. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 170–1. Templars in Dome of the Rock: Little in Asali, Jerusalem 185. J. Drory, ‘Jerusalem under Mamluk Rule’, in Cathedra 1.192. Wine in Dome: Ibn Wasil quoted in C. Hillenbrand, Crusaders 317.

23 Khwarizmian Tartars/Barka Khan: author visit to Khalidi Library, Barka Khan turba in Silsila Street, thanks to Haifa Khalidi. Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 109–216 and 380. Humphreys, Ayyubids 274–6. Tyerman 771. Runciman 3.223–9. On tomb: conversation with Dr Nasmi Joubeh.

24 Fall of Ayyubids/assassination of Turanshah and rise of Baibars: character portrait based on Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382 (henceforth Irwin). Ibn Wasil quoted in Gabrieli 295–300; Baibars at war, Ibn Az-Zahir quoted in Gabrieli 307–12. Tyerman 797–8. Runciman 3.261–71. Rise of Baibars, ferocious, nervous, sleepless, inspections, character, the rise of the Mamluks, Irwin 1–23; career 37–42. Humphreys, Ayyubids 302–3; Baibars in Palestine Syria 326–35; Nasir gets Jerusalem again, Baibars moves down to Jerusalem and plunders it 257.

Nachmanides: Prawer, History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom 160–1, 252–3. King Hethum II: Hintlian, History of the Armenians in the Holy Land 4–5. Mamluk as Islam’s Templars: Ibn Wasil quoted in Gabrieli 294. Baibars, Aibek and Shajar diamonds, clogs: Phillip, Warriors 258–69. Khalidi Library: author interview with Haifa Khalidi; Jocelyn M. Ajami, ‘A Hidden Treasure’, in Saudi Aramco World Magazine.

PART SIX: MAMLUK

1 Baibars in power: Irwin 37–42 and 45–58. Tyerman 727–31, 806–17. Runciman 3.315–27. Mamilla – the Zawiya al-Qalandariyya and Turba al-Kabakayya (tomb of exiled Governor of Safed, al-Kabaki): Asali in OJ 281–2. On Mamluk rise: this account of the Mamluks is based on Linda S. Northrup, ‘The Bahri Mamluk Sultanate’, in CHE 1.242–89, especially on nature of Mamluk relationships 251; quotation from Ibn Khaldun (grouse/House of War) 242; Baibars military power 259; Mamluk favourite Sufism vs Taymiyya 267; pressure on Christians and Jews 271–2; Baibars victory over Mongols, Crusaders, Seljuks 273–6. Mamluk culture, on horseback, rules: Stillman, ‘The Non-Muslim Communities: The Jewish Community’, CHE 1.209, and Jonathan P. Berkey, ‘Culture and Society during the Middle Ages’, CHE 1.391. Mamluk emblems, Baibars’ lions: Irene A. Bierman, CHE 1.371–2. Baibars at war: Ibn Az-Zahir quoted in Gabrieli 307–12; sarcastic letter on Cyprus campaign 321. Burns, Damascus 198–200. Baibars’ death: Runciman 3.348. Jerusalem/Baibars: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 58–9, 66, 77. Donald P. Little, ‘1260–1516: The Noble Sanctuary under Mamluk Rule – History,’ in Sacred Esplanade 177–87. Michael Hamilton Burgoyne, ‘The Noble Sanctuary under Mamluk Rule – Architecture’, in Sacred Esplanade 189–209. Baibars builds Khan al-Zahir: Mujir 239. Baibars’ violent, perverted Sufi adviser Sheikh Khadir: Irwin 54. Asali, OJ 281–2. Cathedra 1.198. Edward I Crusade: Tyerman 810–12; Runciman 3.242–3. M. Prestwich, Edward I, 66 and 119.

2 Qalawun, Ashraf Khalil, Nasir Muhammad: the portrait of Qalawun is based on Linda Northrup, From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansur Qalawun and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria, and on Irwin. Irwin 63–76. Jerusalem titles: Northrup, From Slave to Sultan 175. Repair of al-Aqsa roof: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 77 and 129. Khalil and Acre: Irwin 76–82. Fall of Acre: Runciman 3.387–99, 403–5, 429.

3 Ramban and other Jewish visitors: Prawer, History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom 155–61 and 241. Peters, Jerusalem 363 and 531. Minaret: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 513.