Jerusalem: The Biography

6 Justinian – Byzantine climax. Justin and Justinian: Treadgold 174–217. Donner, Muhammad 5–6; apocalyptic vision of the Last Emperor 16; Yemenite Jewish kingdom 31–4; Justinian’s vision 4–17. Wickham 92–5. Vision and building: Herrin 50–7. Gossip: see Procopius, Secret Life. Building: Bahat, Atlas 68–79. Building and pilgrims: Peters, Jerusalem 162–4: Piacenza Pilgrim; ‘Life of Sabas’ by Cyril of Scythopolis; Procopius, ‘On Buildings’, quoted in Peters. Grabar, Shape of the Holy 38–40, including Cyril quote; life in Jerusalem 24–38, including concepts of holy space/churches facing or backing on to Temple Mount. Jewish tragedy: Avi-Yonah 221–4 and 232–7, but c. 520 new Sanhedrin chief from Babylon to Tiberias, ruling Jews for seven generations until move to Jerusalem in 638; Justinian anti-Jewish legislation 246–8; Jews in Tiberias in contact with Jewish kings of Yemen 246–8. Treadgold 177. Butcher 383. Temple menorah – Byzantine triumph then to Jerusalem in 534: Perowne, Later Herods 177. Norwich 212. Byzantine style of dress: see Ravenna mosaic and Herrin on Theodora and ladies-in-waiting 67. Houses, mosaics and churches: on Orpheus semi-pagan/semi-Christian: Ashar Ovadius and Sonia Mucznik, ‘Orpheus from Jerusalem – Pagan or Christian Image’, in Cathedra 1.152–66. Nea Church: Grabar, Shape of the Holy 34–8; Madaba Map 27. M. Avi-Yonah, ‘The Madaba Mosaic Map’, Israel Exploration Society. See also article: Martine Meuwese, ‘Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures’, Eastern Christian Art 2 (2005) 139–48. H. Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide. Nea, last column in Russian Compound: Shanks 86–7. Byzantine rich houses south and west of Temple Mount: Archeological Park 147 and 32–3; extended Cardo 10 and 140; bathhouses near Jaffa Gate 125; Nea 81; monks in First Temple Jewish tombs 39. Burial with bells: see Rockefeller Museum. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Yaron Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in Cathedra 1.105–19. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99.

7 Persian invasion. The Persian general’s full name was Razmiozan, known as Farrokhan Shahrbaraz – the Royal Boar. Justin II to Phocas – decline: Treadgold 218–41. Sassanian king, state and religion: Donner, Muhammad 17–27. Avi-Yonah, 241, 254–65, including Midrash of Elijah and 20,000 Jewish soldiers quoting Eutychius; Salvation Midrash/Book of Zerubbabel, Nehemiah stories 265–8; Jews expelled 269–70. Sebeos, Histoire d’Héraclius 63–71. See also: A. Courret, La Prise de Jérusalem par les Perses; and Norwich 279–91. Arab tribes: Butcher 66–72. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in Cathedra 1.105–19.

Sassanids rise: Farrokh 178–90; Khusrau II 247–61. Sassanians before the Arab conquest: Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests 98–111.

Destruction of Jerusalem: F. Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos: Account of the Sack of Jerusalem’, English Historical Review 25 (1910) 502–16. City destroyed: Bahat, Atlas 78–9. Bones of monks in Monastery of St Onufrius: Archeological Park 137. Jewish role and Lion’s Cemetery where martyrs buried in Mamilla: J. Prawer, History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 57 and 241. Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in Cathedra 1.105–19, inscription on Blues. Massacre myths: Grabar, Shape of the Holy 36–43. Traces of a Jewish building on Temple Mount, seventh century but dating from Persian or early Islamic period: Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 99.

8 Heraclius: this is based on Walter E. Kaegi, Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Treadgold 287–303. Farrokh 256–61. Butcher 76–8. Herrin 84–6. Norwich 291–302. Entering Jerusalem: Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos’ 502–16. Defeated Romans: Koran (trans. M.A.S. Abdel Haleem) 30.1–5. Golden Gate – Byzantine or Umayyad: Bahat, Atlas 78–9. Goldhill, City of Longing 126. Heraclius and Jews, Benjamin of Tiberias: Avi-Yonah 260–76. First Crusader: Runciman 1.10–13. Heraclius in Jerusalem: Abu Sufyan’s memory: Kennedy, Conquests 74; Palestine in decline 31–2. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99. Heraclius and campaigns: Donner, Muhammad 17–27; Last Emperor 17–18. Wickham 256–61.

PART FOUR: ISLAM