Jerusalem: The Biography

2 Flavians, Nerva and Trajan. Domitian, Jerusalem and Book of Revelation: Mac-Culloch 103–5. Nerva relaxes Jewish tax: Goodman 469. On Trajan and revolts of 115: Goodman 471–83. Simon, Jesus’ cousin, persecution of House of David, execution 106: Tabor 338–42 quoting Eusebius and Epiphanius as sources on Flavian and Trajan executions of Davidians. Synagogues in Jerusalem: Eusebius, Church History 4.5. Epiphanius quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 125. Sartre 126–8. Eschatological hopes in Palestine: Sibylline Oracles 4–5; Greek Apocalypse of Baruch III and the Syrian Apocalypse of Baruch II. Zakkai: Schäfer 135–40. Jerusalem: Eusebius quoted in Perowne, Later Herods, half city destroyed and seven synagogues, 191. Judaism/ben Zakkai and Jews could live in Jerusalem 70–132: Avi-Yonah 12–54. Trajan: Goodman 471–81, including quote of Appian on Trajan destroying Jews in Egypt; and of Arrian on general destruction of Jews. Jewish revolt: Dio Cassius 68.32.1–2. Eusebius, Church History 4.2.1–5. Schäfer 141–2. Sartre 127–8. Butcher 45–50.

3 Hadrian: Dio Cassius 69.12.1–13.3. Character both admirable and bad: Anthony R. Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor 301–7, including Historia Augusta ‘ cruel and merciful’ etc. and Epitome de Caesaribus ‘ diverse, manifold, multiform’. Frank McLynn, Marcus Aurelius 26–39. Aelia: Bahat, Atlas 58–67. Thorsten Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict – career 34–68 and bar Kochba 89–97 and Antinous 168–91. Goodman 481–5. Archeological Park 140. Yoram Tsafrir, ’70–638 CE: The Templeless Mountain’, in Sacred Esplanade 73–99.

4 Simon bar Kochba/Hadrian: this account is based on Dio Cassius 69.12.1–13.3 and 69.14.1–3; Eusebius, Church History 4.6 and Justin. See Opper, Hadrian 89–97, including latest finds from the Cave of Letters. Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor: influence of Antiochus Epiphanes 228–9; coins on visit to Judea 231; foundation of Aelia 232–4; revolt, bar Kochba 268–78; Book of Numbers/Akiba/ correspondence/ Justin and Eusebius/fall of Betar/plan of new Jerusalem with Hadrian statue on horseback on Holy of Holies with idol of Jupiter from Eusebius, and statue of pig from Jerome, all quoted in Birley. McLynn, Marcus Aurelius 26–39. Bahat, Atlas 58–67. Goodman 485–93, including Roman burial of memories of conflict, even more disastrous than the triumphalism of 70, continuity of Hadrian to Severan dynasty meant no incentive to challenge Hadrian’s ethos 496. See also: Yigal Yadin, Bar-Kokhba – clothes, keys 66; Babatha documents 235. Avi-Yonah 13, probably took Jerusalem/seventy-five settlements destroyed/ Palestinian Jewish population – 1.3 million. Did Hadrian destroy Temple?: Shanks 47, quoting Chronicon Paschale, Julian, rabbinical references to Third Temple destroyed by Hadrian. Cave resistance: Amos Klauer, ‘Subterranean Hideaways of Judean Foothills’, in Cathedra 3.114–35. After 335: Sartre 320–5. Post bar Kochba and Simon bar Yohai: Avi-Yonah 15–39, 66. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99.