I am tired; aren't you?Me esas fatigita; ka vu ne (esas)?
He is tired, isn't he?Il esas fatigita, ka ne?
He isn't tired, is he?Il ne esas fatigita, ka yes?
I have finished; have you?Me (ja) finis; ka vu (anke)?
I have!Me anke!
Has he?Kad il (anke)?
He hasn't.Il ne.
You'll come, won't you?Vu venos, ka ne?
She won't come; will you?El ne volas venar; ka vu volas?
I don't know, I am sure, Me tote ne savas
Oh! do! please!, Ho, yes! (venez) me pregas!
Complete Manual - Lesson 15
LESSON XV.
How to translate the English -ING. - The English termination -ing seldom is a real
present participle that can be translated by -anta. The following rules cover most
cases:
(1) Use -anta only if the word in -ing is a true verbal adjective, qualifying a
noun:
A crying child, Krianta infanto.
A gratifying result, Kontentiganta rezulto.
In the above, the adjective in -ing can be replaced by a verb, with who or
which:
a child who cries,
a result which gratifies.
(2) In most cases, -ing is merely a noun of action, i.e., a word expressing
an action:
to beat, a beating.
to brush, a brushing.
to institute, instituting.
Such nouns are rendered by the simple termination -o, which, when the root is a verb,
precisely means action:
bat-ar, bat-o.
bros-ar, bros-o.
instituc-ar, instituc-o.
If it is intended to convey an idea of particular duration, use the affix -ado:
To dance,dans-ar;
A dance,dans-o;
Dancing,dans-ado.
Young people are fond of dancing,La yuni prizas dansado.
Angling is a pleasant pastime,
(Angel-) peskado esas agreabla tempo-pasigivo.
Constant travelling is bad for the nerves,
La sempra voyajado nocas la nervi.
In the last two examples, the simple form pesko, voyajo, would mean catching a
fish (not catching fish), and a journey (not travelling).
(3) At the beginning of a sentence or clause, the word in -ing should be translated by
-ante, if it could be or is preceded by a preposition or conjunction like while, in,
on:
Replying to your letter (= in reply to your letter),
Respondante a vua letro.
On coming in, I saw her,
En-irante, me vidis el.
I spoke to him standing (= while standing),
Stacante, me parolis ad il.
Taking his hat, he went out,
Prenante lua chapelo, il ek-iris.
If the word in -ing is the auxiliary to have, then the past participle of the
second verb must be used:
Having spoken thus, he sat down,
Tale parolante, il sideskis.
Having been in the place, I know it,
Esinte en la loko, me konocas ol, or: Pro ke me esis ...
(4) After a preposition, the word in -ing is the equivalent of an infinitive, as
English prepositions, except to, govern the participle:
Before going away (= before to-go-away),
Ante departar.
After speaking (= after to-have-spoken),
Pos parolir.
Instead of writing (= instead of to-write),
Vice skribar.
After answering her letter.
Pos respondir ad elua letro.
Note.- While is a conjunction (during being the corresponding preposition):
While running, they fell down,
Dum ke li kuris (or, dum lia kuro), li falis.
(5) A large number of cases cannot be classified under any of the above heads, but a few examples
will suffice:
(a) Angry for being disturbed (= angry because one disturbed him),
Iracanta pro ke on trublis il.