COMPLETE MANUAL OF THE AUXILIARY LANGUAGE IDO

I am tired; aren't you?Me esas fatigita; ka vu ne (esas)?

He is tired, isn't he?Il esas fatigita, ka ne?

He isn't tired, is he?Il ne esas fatigita, ka yes?

I have finished; have you?Me (ja) finis; ka vu (anke)?

I have!Me anke!

Has he?Kad il (anke)?

He hasn't.Il ne.

You'll come, won't you?Vu venos, ka ne?

She won't come; will you?El ne volas venar; ka vu volas?

I don't know, I am sure, Me tote ne savas

Oh! do! please!, Ho, yes! (venez) me pregas!

Complete Manual - Lesson 15

LESSON XV.

How to translate the English -ING. - The English termination -ing seldom is a real present participle that can be translated by -anta. The following rules cover most cases:

(1) Use -anta only if the word in -ing is a true verbal adjective, qualifying a noun:

A crying child, Krianta infanto.

A gratifying result, Kontentiganta rezulto.

In the above, the adjective in -ing can be replaced by a verb, with who or which:

a child who cries,

a result which gratifies.

(2) In most cases, -ing is merely a noun of action, i.e., a word expressing an action:

to beat, a beating.

to brush, a brushing.

to institute, instituting.

Such nouns are rendered by the simple termination -o, which, when the root is a verb, precisely means action:

bat-ar, bat-o.

bros-ar, bros-o.

instituc-ar, instituc-o.

If it is intended to convey an idea of particular duration, use the affix -ado:

To dance,dans-ar;

A dance,dans-o;

Dancing,dans-ado.

Young people are fond of dancing,La yuni prizas dansado.

Angling is a pleasant pastime,

(Angel-) peskado esas agreabla tempo-pasigivo.

Constant travelling is bad for the nerves,

La sempra voyajado nocas la nervi.

In the last two examples, the simple form pesko, voyajo, would mean catching a fish (not catching fish), and a journey (not travelling).

(3) At the beginning of a sentence or clause, the word in -ing should be translated by -ante, if it could be or is preceded by a preposition or conjunction like while, in, on:

Replying to your letter (= in reply to your letter),

Respondante a vua letro.

On coming in, I saw her,

En-irante, me vidis el.

I spoke to him standing (= while standing),

Stacante, me parolis ad il.

Taking his hat, he went out,

Prenante lua chapelo, il ek-iris.

If the word in -ing is the auxiliary to have, then the past participle of the second verb must be used:

Having spoken thus, he sat down,

Tale parolante, il sideskis.

Having been in the place, I know it,

Esinte en la loko, me konocas ol, or: Pro ke me esis ...

(4) After a preposition, the word in -ing is the equivalent of an infinitive, as English prepositions, except to, govern the participle:

Before going away (= before to-go-away),

Ante departar.

After speaking (= after to-have-spoken),

Pos parolir.

Instead of writing (= instead of to-write),

Vice skribar.

After answering her letter.

Pos respondir ad elua letro.

Note.- While is a conjunction (during being the corresponding preposition):

While running, they fell down,

Dum ke li kuris (or, dum lia kuro), li falis.

(5) A large number of cases cannot be classified under any of the above heads, but a few examples will suffice:

(a) Angry for being disturbed (= angry because one disturbed him),

Iracanta pro ke on trublis il.