The Corporation and the Twentieth Century

the Beach Boys as the Little Deuce Coupe—“deuce” referring to the 1932 model year. My father owned one of these in the late 1940s, having won it, he claimed, in a game of craps. (He always called it a Model B, but the B was the four-cylinder version; the V-8 was the Model 18.) Family lore has it that he would tour around with my uncle in the passenger seat and my mother and my aunt consigned to the rumble seat.

378. Abernathy (1978, p. 105); Hounshell (1984, p. 300).

379. Nevins and Hill (1957, p. 594). This was as against bolting to the crankcase two separate castings of four pistons each.

Notes to Chapter 6 613

380. O’Brien (1989b, p. 86).

381. “Ford to Make Eight and Four,” Barron’s, January 11, 1932, p. 24.

382. Nevins and Hill (1962, pp. 59–60).

383. FTC (1939, pp. 27, 536, 602, 653); Kennedy (1941, p. 235).

384. Chrysler (1950, p. 200).

385. “There Are No Automobiles,” Fortune, vol. 2, issue 4, October 1930, pp. 73–77.

386. Schwartz (2000, p. 88).

387. “Chrysler,” Fortune, vol. 12, issue 2, August 1935, p. 114.

388. Abernathy (1978, p. 37); Schwartz (2000, p. 90).

389. Curcio (2000, p. 501); FTC (1939, pp. 27 and 602).

390. Sloan (1964, p. 177).

391. Kuhn (1986, p. 151).

392. Sloan (1964, p. 253).

393. Leslie (1983, p. 184).

394. Jewkes, Sawers, and Stillerman (1969, p. 231).

395. Leslie (1983, pp. 218–26).

396. General Motors Corporation (1975); Leslie (1983, pp. 229–75); Marx (1976).

397. Leslie (1983, p. 268). An alternative account claims that it was H. L. Hamilton, head of

GM’s Electro-Motive Division, who brought the engine to Budd’s attention (Overton 1965, p. 394).

398. In Jovanovic and MacDonald (1994).

399. Field (2012, pp. 300–311); Hawley (1966, p. 229); Hoogenboom and Hoogenboom (1976, pp. 119–21); O’Brien (1989c).

400. Chrysler was, of course, the exception, and it began the Depression indebted from its purchase of Dodge. But the company’s countercyclical success in the product market allowed it to retire all of its debt by 1935 (Chrysler and Sparkes 1950, p. 201).

401. Schiffman (2003).

402. Field (2012, p. 300).

403. Schiffman (2003, p. 806).

404. Overton (1965, pp. 369–82).

405. Schiffman (2003, p. 804).

406. Mason and Schiffman (2004).

407. Overton (1965, pp. 377).

408. O’Brien (1989c).

409. Hawley (1966, p. 230).

410. Field (2012, pp. 70–78).

411. Vinsel (2019, p. 61).

412. Glaeser (2011, p. 173).

413. Hawley (1966, pp. 231–34); Rothenberg (1994, pp. 42–44).

414. At about the same time he owned the Ford V-8, my father and a buddy got hold of a

used truck and briefly tried their hand at the trucking business. No ICC permit was applied for. He continued to drive trucks of various sorts for most of his career, eventually at the end snag- ging a unionized position driving a tractor-trailer for a small secondary steel plant. But my father was a Steelworker not a Teamster: the truck belonged to the plant itself. This was really a mild

614 Notes to Chapter 6

instance of tapered integration, as most of the plant’s shipping was handled by a (recently de- regulated) contract carrier.

415. Moore (1978).

416. Rae (1968, p. 3).

417. Nevins and Hill (1957, pp. 238–47).

418. Immortalized (among many other places) in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

(1984).

419. Freudenthal (1968, pp. 76–83); Rae (1968, pp. 28–29 and 39–48).

420. Sullivan (2008, p. 6).

421. Rae (1968, p. 15). In 1931, the crash of a TWA Fokker transport killed the famed Notre

Dame football coach Knute Rockne, on his way to Hollywood to consult on a movie. The result- ing adverse publicity is said to have helped motivate the developments in aircraft technology that led to the DC-3 and later mature airliners.

422. Rae (1968, p. 63).

423. Jaworski and Smythe (2018, p. 624).

424. Also on the Board was Connecticut Senator Hiram Bingham, a Yale political scientist,

aviator, and the amateur archaeologist who brought to modern worldwide attention the ancient Inca ruins of Machu Pichu. He is often alleged to have been an inspiration for the character Indiana Jones, though it is not known whether he ever flew a Ford Trimotor.

425. Rae (1968, p. 23).

426. Hawley (1981b, pp. 108–15).

427. Hawley (1981b, p. 113).

428. Hanlon and Jaworski (2019); Holley (1964, p. 85).

429. Phillips (1971, pp. 116–21).

430. “All together the NACA boasted 11 wind tunnels, among which were a 60-by-30-foot

full-scale tunnel, an eight-foot, 500-miles-per-hour tunnel, and other equipment such as vertical and refrigerated tunnels for specialized types of aerodynamic research” (Holley 1964, p. 23). By 1932, the Hungarian-born engineer Theodor von Karman had also set up a sophisticated wind tunnel at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, which was used by Boeing as well as by the increasing number of airframe-makers congregating in Southern California (Irving 1993, pp. 21–22).

431. Holley (1964, pp. 114–31).

432. Hanlon and Jaworski (2019).

433. Rae (1968, p. 59).

434. Phillips (1971, p. 119).

435. Mowery and Rosenberg (1998, p. 62).

436. Sutton (2002, p. 426).

437. Irving (1993, pp. 28–29).