Step by Step in Esperanto

119. JEN! (interjection) = Behold! Look! See! Here! There! (Do not confuse with tie = in that place. Cp. Fr. voici, voilà; Latin en). Ha! Jen vi (estas)! Here you are! There you are! Vidu! Jen (estas) la libro! See! Here (there) is the book! Jen ĝi! Here (there) it is! Jen ili! Here (there) they are!

120. FOR. When the register is called, those present should answer Jen mi! or, Jen! Those absent should answer For! (=away! absent!).

(a) Where is the chalk? Ah! here it is! Here we are! Well! There she is! Here’s a letter for the wife (a box for the pencils, something for the children)! Here are (some) flowers for you!

«Al» ( To, Towards ). «De» ( From )

121. Apartenas, belongs. Iras, goes. Montras, points. Venas, comes.

(a) Mi iras al la lito, I’m going to bed. Al la afero! To business! Rigardu al mi! Look at me! Kio estas al vi? What’s the matter with you? Iru for! Go away! (We have met the word al in Diru ai mi! Same al vi!)

(b) TIU = that (particular one of several). Cp. TIO = tiu afero = that thing (as a whole). Tio estas birdo, that (thing) is a bird. Tiu birdo (that particular bird) estas pasero.

(c) Mi iras al la nigra tabulo … Roberto! Venu al mi! Iru al tiu muro 1… Rigardu al Mario! … Al kiu (Al kio) vi rigardas? Montru al la plafono … Kion vi (li) faras? Iru al tiu knabino, kaj diru al ŝi “Silentu, mi petas!”

(d) Al kiu tio apartenas? Respondu al la demando. Demandu al li, ĉu li dormas. F-ino G. instruas al la lernantoj, sed bedaŭrinde ili ne atentas al ŝi. Akvo kaj pano servas al sano.

(e) What is the matter with that dog? Don’t speak to that boy. Come and read to us. Does that hat really belong to you? Please write to that woman. They’re coming, of course? Don’t listen to that idiot! You’re not telephoning to Fred, are you?

122. DE = either of (45) or from, as shown by the context.

(a) Mi iras de la tablo al la pordo … Venu al mi, Lilio! Iru de mi al Silvio … Iru de ŝi al tiu fenestro, tie! De kie vi (ŝi etc.) venas? Al kie vi iras? Kion vi faras?

(b) De tempo al tempo li skribas al mi. La ĉapelo pendas (hangs) de la hoko. Tiu krajono falas de la tablo al la planko. Pluvo (rain) falas de la nuboj.

(c) The bird flies from branch to branch. That lady goes from house to house. They come from Ireland, and go to Sweden. The lamp hangs from a hook on the ceiling; the picture …wall. The children come from that school and sing to us. In autumn the leaves fall from the trees to the ground.

Roots, Grammatical Endings

123. Most Esperanto words consist of two parts: a “root” (the part giving the main idea) and a “grammatical ending” (showing the part the word plays in the sentence) (10). O is the noun-ending; -AS the ending of a verb in the present tense. O or AS added to the root make a noun or a verb respectively. Thus, from the roots demand, konsent, lud, respond, we get demandas, asks; demando, question; konsentas, agrees; konsento, agreement; ludas, plays; ludo, game; respondas, answers; respondo, an answer. Many dictionaries give the root only.

Verbs Formed from Roots Already Used as Nouns