Far and Away: Reporting from the Brink of Change

409 For a comprehensive history of samba and Rio’s Carnival, see Marlene Lima Hufferd, “Carnaval in Brazil, samba schools and African culture: A study of samba schools through their African heritage,” Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, Paper 15406, University of Iowa, 2007. Alas, not even the world’s biggest party is free from allegations of corruption; see Anderson Antunes, “When samba meets African dictators: The ugly side of Rio de Janeiro’s Carnival,” Forbes, February 19, 2015.

409 Lilia Moritz Schwarcz shares insights about her country’s culture in an interview with Robert Darnton, “Talking about Brazil with Lilia Schwarcz,” New York Review of Books, August 17, 2010. For a sample of her academic work, see Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, “Not black, not white: Just the opposite: Culture, race and national identity in Brazil,” Working Paper CBS-47-03, Centre for Brazilian Studies, University of Oxford, 2003.

409 For an in-depth discussion of Brasília, see Benjamin Schwarz, “A vision in concrete,” Atlantic, July/August 2008.

409 A clinical description of the horrendous practice of execution with flaming tires occurs in Carlos Durao, Marcos Machado, and Eduardo Daruge Jr., “Death in the ‘microwave oven’: A form of execution by carbonization,” Forensic Science International 253 (August 2015).

409 The quote by Philip Alston (“A remarkable number of police lead double lives . . .”) comes from Todd Benson, “U.N. watchdog denounces police killings in Brazil,” Reuters, September 15, 2008.

410 Figures on the proportion of arrestees killed by police in Rio and in the United States come from Fernando Ribeiro Delgado, “Lethal force: Police violence and public security in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo,” Human Rights Watch, December 8, 2009.

410 Luiz Eduardo Soares has repeatedly called for a complete overhaul of Brazil’s police structure; see Nashla Dahas, “Luis Eduardo Soares,” Revista de Historia, January 11, 2014; and Leandro Resende, “ ‘A nação está pertubada,’ define antropólogo Luiz Eduardo Soares,” O Dia Brasil, October 10, 2015.

410 Figures on the number of people killed by police in Rio and São Paulo come from the Human Rights Watch report, Delgado, op. cit.

410 The arrest of Colonel Alexandre Fontenell Ribeiro, chief of special operations of the Rio de Janeiro military police, is reported in British Broadcasting Corporation, “Brazil corruption: Rio police arrested over ‘extortion racket,’ ” BBC News, September 16, 2014.

410 The quote from Colonel José Carvalho (“We need fresh, strong minds, not a Rambo”) comes from a 2009 diplomatic cable included in the WikiLeaks disclosures; see American Consul Rio de Janeiro, “Counter-insurgency doctrine comes to Rio’s favelas,” September 30, 2009.

411 For discussion of the practice of offering pay raises for police demonstrations of “bravery” against favela residents, see Steven Dudley, “Deadly force: Security and insecurity in Rio,” North American Congress on Latin America, November 1998.

411 Figures on the number of favelas served by UPPs come from Andrew Downie, “Rio finally makes headway against its drug gangs,” Time, November 26, 2010; and US Department of State, “Country reports on human rights practices for 2011: Brazil,” US Department of State, 2012.

412 The complaint of the Red Command’s patrão (“It is fucking up our lives . . .”) comes from Jonathan Watts, “Rio police tackle favelas as World Cup looms,” Guardian, June 10, 2013.

413 The colonel sets forth his perspective on pacification in greater detail in Robson Rodrigues, “The dilemmas of pacification: News of war and peace in the ‘marvelous city,’ ” Stability Journal, May 22, 2014.

414 Thanks to official concerns over gang influence, unofficial baile funk parties have become an endangered species; see Beth McLoughlin, “Rio’s funk parties silenced by crackdown on gangs,” BBC News, May 5, 2012; and Jillian Kestler-D’Amours, “Silencing Brazil’s baile funk,” Al Jazeera, July 5, 2014.

414 For one example of more recent upscale accommodations in the favelas, see Joanna Hansford and Mary Bolling Blackiston, “Luxury boutique hostel opens in Vidigal,” Rio Times, March 4, 2014.

414 The work of the Museu de Favela is described in British Broadcasting Corporation, “Rio de Janeiro’s favelas reflected through art,” BBC News, May 29, 2011.

414 On the reduction of bullet wounds in Rio, see Melissa Rossi, “Gun wounds down in Complexo do Alemão,” Rio Times, July 3, 2012. On comparative murder rates in Rio and DC, see Richard Florida, “Gun violence in U.S. cities compared to the deadliest nations in the world,” Citylab, January 22, 2013.

414 For more of Christopher Gaffney’s insights into his adoptive homeland, see Christopher Gaffney, “Global parties, galactic hangovers: Brazil’s mega event dystopia,” Los Angeles Review of Books, October 1, 2014.