Far and Away: Reporting from the Brink of Change

415 André Urani died shortly after publication of his book Rio: A Hora da Virada (2011); see his obituary, “Die economist André Urani,” O Globo, December 14, 2011.

416 When I originally interviewed Maria Silvia Bastos Marques, she was head of Empresa Olímpica Municipal. She has since stepped down from this position; see Nick Zaccardi, “President of company preparing Rio for Olympics resigns,” NBC Sports, April 1, 2014.

417 Controversy over forced evictions of favela dwellers to make way for Olympic commuter trains is discussed in Donna Bowater, “Olympics bus route to displace 900 families from Rio favela,” Al Jazeera, September 1, 2014; Matthew Niederhauser, “Rio’s Olympic inequality problem, in pictures,” Citylab, September 9, 2015; and Bruce Douglas, “Brazil officials evict families from homes ahead of 2016 Olympic Games,” Guardian, October 28, 2015.

417 For a lengthier interview with Faustini, see Luiz Felipe Reis, “As muitas redes do agitador da ‘perifa’ Marcus Vinicius Faustini,” O Globo, July 21, 2012.

418 Philip Alston’s denouncement of the idea that “occasional violent invasions can bring security” comes from the press release “UN Special Rapporteur finds that killings by Brazilian police continue at alarming rates, government has failed to take all necessary action,” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, June 1, 2010. For his detailed analysis of the situation in Brazil, see Philip Alston, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Follow-up to country recommendations—Brazil,” United Nations Human Rights Council, May 28, 2010.

420 For a historical overview of racial identity politics in Brazil, see Antonio Sérgio and Alfredo Guimarães, “The Brazilian system of racial classification,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35, no. 7 (2012).

420 The bewildering assortment of racial identities claimed by Brazilians is discussed in Melissa Block, “Skin color still plays big role in ethnically diverse Brazil,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 19, 2013; for a report of the study finding 136 varieties, see Cristina Grillo, “Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e sÓ 39% se autodreinem como brancos,” Folha, June 25, 1995.

420 The study examining attitudes toward racism of Brazilian urbanites and rural dwellers is described in Étore Medeiros and Ana Pompeu, “Brasileiros acham que há racismo, mas somente 1.3% se consideram racistas,” Correio Braziliense, March 25, 2014.

420 The study of São Paulo residents’ perceptions of their own and others’ racism is described in Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, “Especificidade do racismo Brasileiro,” in História da vida Privada no Brasil (1998).

421 Cíntia Luna describes her work in Rachael Hilderbrand, “Conheça Cíntia Luna, Presidente da AMUST do Morro do Fogueteiro,” Rio On Watch, July 4, 2014.

422 The Enraizados website is at http://enraizados.com.br.

422 For Fernando Gabeira’s memoir, see O Que É Isso, Companheiro? (1979); the film based upon it is Four Days in September (1997).

422 For perspectives on the renovation of Estádio do Maracanã, see Tom Winterbottom, “The tragedy of the Maracanã Stadium,” Rio On Watch, June 13, 2014; and Mark Byrnes, “A brief history of Brazil’s most treasured World Cup stadium,” Citylab, June 16, 2014.

423 The renovation of the Theatro Municipal is described in Sean Collins, “City’s theater re-opens in style,” Rio Times, June 8, 2010.

423 Sergio Mattos discusses trends in the modeling industry in Jenny Barchfield, “Transgenders break into Brazil’s modeling sector,” CNS News, December 6, 2012.

424 See Vik Muniz’s film Waste Land (2011); see also Kino, op. cit.

425 Tom Jobim’s alleged pronouncement “Morar em Nova Iorque é bom mas é uma merda, morar no Rio é uma merda mas é bom” has attained the status of urban legend in Brazil; references to it online abound. Cautious journalists identify the quote as “attributed”; see, e.g., Antonio Carlos Miguel, “Ser ou não ser carioca da gema não é a questão (To be or not to be carioca is the question),” O Globo, February 28, 2015 (“O conceito atribuído a Tom Jobim . . . é daqueles infalíveis”); and Fernando Canzian, “É bom, mas é ruim (It’s good, but it’s bad),” Folha, July 13, 2009 (“A frase é atribuída a Tom Jobim . . .”).

425 Statistics on the UPPs come from Clarissa Lins, “Providing electricity to Rio de Janeiro’s favelas,” Guardian, March 18, 2014; and Janet Tappin Coelho, “Brazil’s ‘peace police’ turn five. Are Rio’s favelas safer?” Christian Science Monitor, December 19, 2013.