Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

7. Economic backwardness of Arab countries: Lewis 2002; United Nations Development Programme 2003.

8. Education leads to peace: Hegre et al. 2011; Thyne 2006. Education leads to democracy: Glaeser, Ponzetto, & Shleifer 2007; Hafer 2017; Lutz, Cuaresma, & Abbasi-Shavazi 2010; Rindermann 2008.

9. Youth bulges and violence: Potts & Hayden 2008.

10. Education reduces racism, sexism, homophobia: Rindermann 2008; Teixeira et al. 2013; Welzel 2013.

11. Education increases respect for free speech and imagination: Welzel 2013.

12. Education and civic engagement: Hafer 2017; OECD 2015a; Ortiz-Ospina & Roser 2016c; World Bank 2012b.

13. Education and trust: Ortiz-Ospina & Roser 2016c.

14. Roser & Ortiz-Ospina 2016b, based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, visualized at World Bank 2016a.

15. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, visualized at World Bank 2016i.

16. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://data.uis.unesco.org/.

17. On the relationship between literacy and basic education, see van Leeuwen & van Leewen-Li 2014, pp. 88–93.

18. Lutz, Butz, & Samir 2014, based on models from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, http://www.iiasa.ac.at/, summarized in Nagdy & Roser 2016c.

19. Ecclesiastes 12:12.

20. Soaring premium for education: Autor 2014.

21. American high school attendance in 1920 and 1930: Leon 2016. Graduation rate in 2011: A. Duncan, “Why I Wear 80,” Huffington Post, Feb. 14, 2014. High school graduates in college in 2016: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2017.

22. United States Census Bureau 2016.

23. Nagdy & Roser 2016c, based on models from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, http://www.iiasa.ac.at/; Lutz, Butz, & Samir 2014.

24. S. F. Reardon, J. Waldfogel, & D. Bassok, “The Good News About Educational Inequality,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 2016.

25. Effects of girls’ education: Deaton 2013; Nagdy & Roser 2016c; Radelet 2015.

26. United Nations 2015b.

27. Since the first data point for Afghanistan precedes the reign of the Taliban by fifteen years and the second one postdates it by a decade, the gain cannot simply be attributed to the 2001 NATO invasion that deposed the regime.

28. The Flynn effect: Deary 2001; Flynn 2007, 2012. See also Pinker 2011, pp. 650–60.

29. Heritability of intelligence: Pinker 2002/2016, chap. 19 and afterword; Deary 2001; Plomin & Deary 2015; Ritchie 2015.

30. Flynn effect not explained by hybrid vigor: Flynn 2007; Pietschnig & Voracek 2015.

31. Flynn effect meta-analysis: Pietschnig & Voracek 2015.

32. End of the Flynn effect: Pietschnig & Voracek 2015.

33. Evaluating candidate causes of the Flynn effect: Flynn 2007; Pietschnig & Voracek 2015.

34. Nutrition and health explain only part of Flynn effect: Flynn 2007, 2012; Pietschnig & Voracek 2015.

35. Existence and heritability of g: Deary 2001; Plomin & Deary 2015; Ritchie 2015.

36. The Flynn effect as an increase in analytic thinking: Flynn 2007, 2012; Ritchie 2015; Pinker 2011, pp. 650–60.

37. Education affects the Flynn components of intelligence (though not g): Ritchie, Bates, & Deary 2015.

38. IQ as a tailwind: Deary 2001; Gottfredson 1997; Makel et al. 2016; Pinker 2002/2016; Ritchie 2015.

39. The Flynn effect and the moral sense: Flynn 2007; Pinker 2011, pp. 656–70.

40. The Flynn effect and real-world genius: con, Woodley, te Nijenhuis, & Murphy 2013; pro, Pietschnig & Voracek 2015, p. 283.

41. High-tech in the developing world: Diamandis & Kotler 2012; Kenny 2011; Radelet 2015.

42. Benefits of IQ growth: Hafer 2017.

43. Progress as a hidden variable: Land, Michalos, & Sirgy 2012; Prados de la Escosura 2015; van Zanden et al. 2014; Veenhoven 2010.

44. Human Development Index: United Nations Development Programme 2016. Inspirations: Sen 1999; ul Haq 1996.

45. Catching up: Prados de la Escosura 2015, p. 222, counting “the West” as OECD countries prior to 1994, namely the countries of Western Europe and the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. He also notes that the index for sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 was .22, equivalent to the world in the 1950s and the OECD countries in the 1890s. Similarly, the Well-Being Composite for sub-Saharan Africa was approximately –.3 in 2000 (it would be higher today), similar to the world around 1910 and Western Europe around 1875.

46. For details and qualifications, see Rijpma 2014 and Prados de la Escosura 2015.

CHAPTER 17: QUALITY OF LIFE

1. The intellectuals and the masses: Carey 1993.

2. Variously attributed to a Jewish joke, a vaudeville routine, and a dialogue from the Broadway play Ballyhoo of 1932.

3. Capabilities: Nussbaum 2000.

4. Processing time for food: Laudan 2016.

5. Shorter work hours: Roser 2016t, based on data from Huberman & Minns 2007; see also Tupy 2016, and “Hours Worked Per Worker,” HumanProgress, http://humanprogress.org/f1/2246, for data showing a reduction of 7.2 hours of work per week worldwide.

6. Housel 2013.

7. Quoted in Weaver 1987, p. 505.