Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

19. For the years between 1996 and 2015 inclusive, the number of hate crime incidents recorded by the FBI correlated with the US homicide rate with a coefficient of .90 (on a scale from –1 to 1).

20. Anti-Islamic hate crimes follow incidents of Islamist terrorist attacks: Stephens-Davidowitz 2017.

21. Hate crime hyperbole: E. N. Brown, “Hate Crimes, Hoaxes, and Hyperbole,” Reason, Nov. 18, 2016; Alexander 2016.

22. How it used to be: S. Coontz, “The Not-So-Good Old Days,” New York Times, June 15, 2013.

23. Women in the labor force: United States Department of Labor 2016.

24. For evidence that the decline began even earlier, in 1979, see Pinker 2011, fig. 7-10, p. 402, also based on data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Because of changes in definitions and coding criteria, those data are not commensurable with the series plotted here in figure 15-4.

25. Cooperation breeds sympathy: Pinker 2011, chaps. 4, 7, 9, 10.

26. Justification as a force for moral progress: Pinker 2011, chap. 4; Appiah 2010; Hunt 2007; Mueller 2010b; Nadelmann 1990; Payne 2004; Shermer 2015.

27. Decline of discrimination, rise of affirmative action: Asal & Pate 2005.

28. World Public Opinion Poll: Presented in Council on Foreign Relations 2011.

29. Council on Foreign Relations 2011.

30. Council on Foreign Relations 2011.

31. Effectiveness of global shaming campaigns: Pinker 2011, pp. 272–76, 414; Appiah 2010; Mueller 1989, 2004, 2010b; Nadelmann 1990; Payne 2004; Ray 1989.

32. United Nations Children’s Fund 2014; see also M. Tupy, “Attitudes on FGM Are Shifting,” HumanProgress, http://humanprogress.org/blog/attitudes-on-fgm-are-shifting.

33. D. Latham, “Pan African Parliament Endorses Ban on FGM,” Inter Press Service, Aug. 6, 2016, http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/08/pan-african-parliament-endorses-ban-on-fgm/.

34. Criminalization of homosexuality and the gay rights revolution: Pinker 2011, pp. 447–54; Faderman 2015.

35. For current data on gay rights worldwide, see Equaldex, www.equaldex.com, and “LGBT Rights by Country or Territory,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory.

36. World Values Survey: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp. Emancipative values: Welzel 2013.

37. Distinguishing age, period, and cohort: Costa & McCrae 1982; Smith 2008.

38. See also F. Newport, “Americans Continue to Shift Left on Key Moral Issues,” Gallup, May 26, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/183413/americans-continue-shift-left-key-moral-issues.aspx.

39. Ipsos 2016.

40. Values go with the cohort, not the life cycle: Ghitza & Gelman 2014; Inglehart 1997; Welzel 2013.

41. Emancipative values and the Arab Spring (a complicated relationship): Inglehart 2017.

42. Correlates of emancipative values: Welzel 2013, especially table 2.7, p. 83, and table 3.2, p. 122.

43. Cousin marriage and tribalism: S. Pinker, “Strangled by Roots,” New Republic, Aug. 6, 2007.

44. Knowledge Index: Chen & Dahlman 2006, table 2.

45. Knowledge Index as a predictor of emancipative values: Welzel 2013, p. 122, where the index is called “Technological Advancement.” Welzel (personal communication) confirms that the Knowledge Index has a highly significant partial correlation with emancipative values (.62) holding constant GDP per capita (or its log), whereas the reverse is not true (.20).

46. Finkelhor et al. 2014.

47. Decline of corporal punishment: Pinker 2011, pp. 428–39.

48. History of child labor: Cunningham 1996; Norberg 2016; Ortiz-Ospina & Roser 2016a.

49. M. Wirth, “When Dogs Were Used as Kitchen Gadgets,” HumanProgress, Jan. 25, 2017, http://humanprogress.org/blog/when-dogs-were-used-as-kitchen-gadgets.

50. History of the treatment of children: Pinker 2011, chap. 7.

51. Economically worthless, emotionally priceless: Zelizer 1985.

52. Tractor ad: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/tractor.gif.

53. Correlation between poverty and child labor: Ortiz-Ospina & Roser 2016a.

54. Desperation, not greed: Norberg 2016; Ortiz-Ospina & Roser 2016a.

CHAPTER 16: KNOWLEDGE

1. Homo sapiens: Pinker 1997/2009, 2010; Tooby & DeVore 1987.

2. Concrete orientation of uneducated peoples: Everett 2008; Flynn 2007; Luria 1976; Oesterdiekhoff 2015; see also my commentary on Everett in https://www.edge.org/conversation/daniel_l_everett-recursion-and-human-thought#22005.

3. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1931, vol. 5, p. 410, quoted in Easterlin 1981.

4. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 1966.

5. Education causes economic growth: Easterlin 1981; Glaeser et al. 2004; Hafer 2017; Rindermann 2012; Roser & Ortiz-Ospina 2016a; van Leeuwen & van Leewen-Li 2014; van Zanden et al. 2014.

6. I. N. Thut and D. Adams, Educational Patterns in Contemporary Societies (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 62, quoted in Easterlin 1981, p. 10.