Rust by Example

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See also:

thestdlibrary, mut, inference, and shadowing

Literals and operators

Integers 1, floats 1.2, characters 'a', strings "abc", booleans true and the unit type () can be expressed using literals.

Integers can, alternatively, be expressed using hexadecimal, octal or binary notation using these prefixes respectively: 0x, 0o or 0b.

Underscores can be inserted in numeric literals to improve readability, e.g. 1_000 is the same as 1000, and 0.000_001 is the same as 0.000001.

We need to tell the compiler the type of the literals we use. For now, we'll use the u32 suffix to indicate that the literal is an unsigned 32-bit integer, and the i32 suffix to indicate that it's a signed 32-bit integer.

The operators available and their precedence in Rust are similar to other C-like languages.

fn main() {

// Integer addition

println!("1 + 2 = {}", 1u32 + 2);

// Integer subtraction

println!("1 - 2 = {}", 1i32 - 2);

// TODO ^ Try changing `1i32` to `1u32` to see why the type is important

// Short-circuiting boolean logic

println!("true AND false is {}", true && false);

println!("true OR false is {}", true || false);

println!("NOT true is {}", !true);

// Bitwise operations

println!("0011 AND 0101 is {:04b}", 0b0011u32 & 0b0101);

println!("0011 OR 0101 is {:04b}", 0b0011u32 | 0b0101);

println!("0011 XOR 0101 is {:04b}", 0b0011u32 ^ 0b0101);

println!("1 << 5 is {}", 1u32 << 5);

println!("0x80 >> 2 is 0x{:x}", 0x80u32 >> 2);

// Use underscores to improve readability!

println!("One million is written as {}", 1_000_000u32);

}

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Tuples

A tuple is a collection of values of different types. Tuples are constructed using parentheses (), and each tuple itself is a value with type signature (T1, T2, ...), where T1, T2 are the types of its members. Functions can use tuples to return multiple values, as tuples can hold any number of values.

// Tuples can be used as function arguments and as return values

fn reverse(pair: (i32, bool)) -> (bool, i32) {