Читаем Остром, Элинор. Управление общим. полностью

Oakerson, R. J. 1986. A Model for the Analysis of Common Property Problems. In Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management, National Research Council, pp. 13-30. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

Oakerson, R. J. 1988. Reciprocity: A Bottom-Up View of Political Development. In Rethinking Institutional Analysis and Development: Issues, Alternatives, and Choices, eds. V. Ostrom, D. Feeny, and H. Picht, pp. 141 — 58. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.

Okada, A., and H. Kleimt. 1990. Anarchy and Agreement — A Game Theoretical Analysis of Some Aspects of Contractarianism. In Game Equilibrium Models. Vol. II: Methods, Morals, and Markets, ed. R. Selten. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Oliver, P. 1980. Rewards and Punishments as Selective Incentives for Collective Action: Theoretical Investigations. American Journal of Sociology

85:356-75.

Oliver, P., and G. Marwell. 1985. A Theory of the Critical Mass. I. Interdependence, Group Heterogeniety, and the Production of Collective Action. American Journal of Sociology 91:522-56.

Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Ophuls, W. 1973. Leviathan or Oblivion. In Toward a Steady State Economy, ed. H. E. Daly, pp. 215-30. San Francisco: Freeman.

Ophuls, W. 1977. Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity. San Francisco: Freeman.

Opp, K. D. 1979. The Emergence and Effects of Social Norms. Kyklos 32:775-801.

Opp, K. D. 1982. The Evolutionary Emergence of Norms. British Journal of Social Psychology 21:139-49.

Opp, K. D. 1986. The Evolution of a Prisoner's Dilemma in the Market. In Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior, eds. A. Diekmann and P. Mitter, pp. 149-68. Vienna: Physica-Verlag.

Orbell, J. M., and L. A. Wilson. 1978. Institutional Solutions to the N-Prisoners' Dilemma. American Political Science Review 72:411-21.

Orr, D. S., and S. Hill. 1979. Leviathan, the Open Society, and the Crisis of Ecology. In The Global Predicament. Ecological Perspectives on World Order, eds. D. W. Orr and M. S. Soros, pp. 457-69. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ostrom, E. 1965. Public Enterpreneurship: A Case Study in Ground Water Management. Ph. D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles.

Ostrom, E. 1985a. Are Successful Efforts to Manage Common-Pool Problems a Challenge to the Theories of Garrett Hardin and Mancur Olson? Working paper, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University.

Ostrom, E. 1985b. The Rudiments of a Revised Theory of the Origins, Survival, and Performance of Institutions for Collective Action. Working paper, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University.

Ostrom, E. 1986a. An Agenda for the Study of Institutions. Public Choice 48:3-25.

Ostrom, E. 1986b. A Method of Institutional Analysis. In Guidance, Control, and Evaluation in the Public Sector, eds. F. X. Kaufmann, G. Majone, and V. Ostrom, pp. 459-75. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Ostrom, E. 1986c. Multiorganizational Arrangements and Coordination: An Application of Institutional Analysis. In Guidance, Control, and Evaluation in the Public Sector, eds. F. X. Kaufmann, G. Majone, and V. Ostrom, pp. 495 — 510. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Ostrom, E. 1987. Institutional Arrangements for Resolving the Commons Dilemma: Some Contending Approaches. In The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources, eds. B. J. McCay and J. M. Acheson, pp. 250 — 65. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Ostrom, E. 1989. Microconstitutional Change in Multiconstitutional Political Systems. Rationality & Society 1:11 — 50.

Ostrom, E., L. Schroeder, and S. Wynne. 1993. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Boulder: West-view Press.

Ostrom, E., and J. Walker. 1990. Communication in a Commons: Cooperation without External Enforcement. In Contemporary Laboratory Research in Political Economy, ed. T. R. Palfrey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Ostrom, V.1980. Artisanship and Artifact. Public Administration Review 40:309-17.

Ostrom, V. 1982. A Forgotten Tradition: The Constitutional Level of Analysis. In Missing Elements in Political Inquiry: Logic and Levels of Analysis, eds. J. A. Gillespie and D. A. Zinnes, pp. 237-52. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Ostrom, V. 1985a. The Constitution of Order in Human Societies: Conceptualizing the Nature and Magnitude of the Task in Institutional Analysis and Development. Paper presented at International Political Science Association meetings, July 15-20, Paris.

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В этой новаторской книге Элинор Остром берется за один из самых сложных и спорных вопросов позитивной политической экономии, а именно — как организовать использование совместных ресурсов так, чтобы избежать и чрезмерного потребления, и административных расходов. Если ресурсы используются многими лицами, то есть четко определенных индивидуальных имущественных прав на них нет, экономисты часто считают их пригодными для эксплуатации только тогда, когда проблему чрезмерного потребления решают или путем приватизации, или применяя внешнее принуждение. Остром же решительно утверждает, что есть и другие решения, и можно создать стабильные институции самоуправления, если решить проблемы обеспечения, доверия и контроля.

Элинор Остром

Экономика / Экономика