Nature's Evil

Argüello, Conchita 59

Aristotle 168

Arkhangelsk 25 , 32 , 53 , 58 , 99 , 102 –4, 236

Arkwright, Richard 119 –20

Armada 17 , 144 –5

Armenians 257 –8

asceticism 80 , 89 , 172 , 174

Aseev, Nikolai 261

Asia 32 , 40 –1, 48 , 51 , 65 , 77 –8, 80 –1, 88 –90, 92 , 114 , 122 –4, 129 , 170 –1, 237 , 240 , 292

Astor, John Jacob 53

August II the Strong, elector of Saxony 149

Austen, Jane 221

Austro-Hungarian Empire 39 , 254

Axial Age 131

Azerbaijan 257 , 262 , 268

Bacon, Francis 296

Baku 244 , 255 –62

balance of trade 62 , 78 , 80 , 105 , 118 , 182 , 197 , 249 , 282

Balkans 130

Baltic Sea 16 –18, 26 , 47 , 61 , 99 , 104 –5, 141 , 149 , 152 –3

trade 17 –18, 24 , 31 –2, 95 , 101 , 111 , 146 , 198 –201, 220 , 233 –4

banks 1 , 4 , 65 , 82 , 108 , 116 , 124 , 135 –6, 139 –40, 145 , 153 , 160 , 193 , 200 , 204 , 207 , 251 , 271 , 273 , 285

central banks 181 , 183 –4, 188 –91, 218

Banks, Joseph 109

Barbados 68

Barnaul (Siberia) 159

baroque 69 , 112 , 171

barter 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 104 , 108

Bauman, Zygmunt 283

beaver 48 –61, 187 , 191 , 217

Beck, Ulrich 299

Beckford, William 72 –3

beet sugar 75 –6, 83 , 124 , 170

Behaim, Martin 138

Belarus 176 , 237 , 294

Benjamin, Walter 6 –7, 163 , 211

Bentham, Jeremy 55 , 113 , 120 , 175 –6, 178 , 182 , 202 , 211 , 220 , 284

Bentham, Samuel 55 –6

Berg College (Russia) 158

Bergen 25 , 141

Bergregal 153

Beria, Lavrenty 258 –9

Birmingham 115 , 245 –6

Bismarck, Otto von 228 , 246

bitumen 254

Blüher, Johann Friedrich von 157 –8

Bohemia 105 , 112 , 134 , 137 , 139 , 146 , 149

Bolotov, Andrey 27 –8

Bolsheviks 60 , 124 , 181 , 236 –7, 258 –9, 261 , 198

boreholes 3 –4, 155 , 277 –8

Bosse, Abraham 112

Böttger, Johann Friedrich 149

Boulton, Matthew 239 –40

Boyle, Richard 34 , 212 –13

Boyle, Robert 147 –50, 212 –13

Braudel, Fernand 18 , 86 , 203 , 207

Brenner, Robert 29

Bretton Woods agreement 270 –1

Bruegel, Pieter the Elder 115

bricks 11 , 15 , 127 , 129 , 132 , 233 –4, 239 , 242

Britain see Great Britain

bronze 11 , 15 , 126 –35, 137 –8, 146 , 152

Bronze Age 127 –32

Bruce, James (Jacob) 158

Bruges 108

Budnitsky, Oleg 181

Bureau of Mines (Sweden) 147 , 150 –2, 158

Burke, Edmund 77 , 215

Cabot, Sebastian 57 , 97

calico 36 , 101 , 114 –18, 120 , 122 , 125 , 172 –3, 178

California 56 , 58 –9, 61

Caligula 1

cameralism 110 , 150 –5, 243

and mercantilism 151 , 243

and physiocrats 152

Campomanes, Pedro 108 –9

Canada 46 , 52 –4, 61 , 73 , 177 , 187 , 191 , 213 , 217 , 237 , 290

canals 3 , 19 , 28 , 40 , 54 , 104 , 191 , 143 , 158 , 202

in France 19 , 31 –2

in the German lands 143 –5

in Louisiana 116

in Mesopotamia 24

in the Netherlands 35 , 145 , 231 –6

in Russia 32 –5, 158 –9, 256

in Venice 65

Candide, or Optimism (Voltaire) 7 , 53 , 76 , 188 , 193 , 196 , 217 , 284 , 301 –2

cane sugar

and Bentham, 175 –6

and the family 82 –3

geography 67 –9, 118

and Hume 172 –5, 296

institutions 69 –76

and Malthus 219 –21

natural history 62 –4, 66 –7, 70 –1, 75 –6, 116 , 187 , 191 , 254

and physiocrats 214 –17

politics of 72 –6, 170

prices 60 , 74 –6, 198 , 216 –17

and trickling down 71 –5, 293

see also addiction; mercantile pump

Cantillon, Richard 161 , 193 –5, 203 , 214 , 225

Canton (Guangzhou) 56 , 58 , 71 , 81 , 172

capital, 2 , 63 , 116 , 122 , 127 , 153 , 162 , 169 , 179

in Marx 60 , 166 , 177 , 209 –11, 221 –2, 241 , 252 , 283

and mono-resource 177 , 274 , 277 –9, 285

carbon dioxide 146 , 237 , 253 , 290 , 292

Carneiro, Roberto 23

Carpathians 130 , 134 , 137 , 140

cartels 178 , 251 , 284

Cartier, Jacques 51

Castile 107 –8, 137 , 144 , 146

Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 50 , 54 –6, 61 , 105 , 216 –17

Caucasus 13 , 134 , 192 , 256 , 258 –9

cereals 13 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 34 , 36 , 81 , 147 , 221

Chancellor, Richard 97 –8

charcoal 15 , 17 , 19 , 128 , 130 , 132 , 154 , 157 , 234 , 239

Charles I, king of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) 108 , 140 –1, 143 –4

Charles XII, king of Sweden 150 –1

Chartist movement (Great Britain) 247

Chayanov, Alexander 30 –1, 82 , 124 , 174

Chernykh, Yakov 60

Chichagov, Vasily 54

Childe, V. Gordon 131

China 6 , 21 , 24 , 40 , 51 , 53 –6, 77 –81, 88 , 90 , 96 –101, 105 , 114 , 129 , 133 –4, 149 , 171 –2, 179 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 120 , 247 –8, 282 , 299

chocolate see cocoa/chocolate

Christiany, Johann Samuel 159

Churchill, Winston 244

cities 69 , 121 , 125 , 145 , 169 , 200 , 208 , 281

capital cities 15 , 19 , 31 –3, 49 , 72 , 112 , 124 , 246 ;

industrial cities (agglomerations) 36 , 119 , 124 , 241 , 245 –8, 258 –9

market cities 28 , 35 –6, 40 , 47 , 83 , 91 , 169 , 208

port cities 24 , 33 , 45 , 54 , 56 , 64 , 77 –81, 95 , 100 , 104 –6, 117 –18, 145 , 169 , 198 , 200 , 208 , 232 , 291

town and country 31 , 34 , 82 , 166 , 281

civilising mission 190 , 237

clay 15 –17, 19 , 22 –3, 127 , 129 , 232 , 239 , 255

climate catastrophe 5 –6, 279 , 289 , 291 –2, 196 , 298 –9

climate change 5 –6, 11 –14, 145 –6, 162 , 231 , 279 , 289 –92, 296 –300

Club of Rome 297

Clyde river 242

coal

and climate 291 –2, 297

extraction 15 , 116 , 238 –40, 250

geography 121 , 133 , 159 , 195 , 202 –3, 234 , 243 , 246

institutions 206 –7, 218 , 223 –4, 239 –40, 245 –8, 278

natural history 231 , 238

and oil 264 –74