Fascist Pigs: Technoscientific Organisms and the History of Fascism

Figure 6.4 The front cover of Das Karakulschaf und seine Zucht, a book by Gustav Frölich and Hans Hornitschek (F. C. Mayer, 1942).

Figure 6.5 Karakul curl patterns. (Frölich and Hornitschek, Das Karakulschaf und seine Zucht, pp. 102–103)

Figure 6.6 The register of the flock of Karakul at the University of Halle. (Frölich and Hornitschek, Das Karakulschaf und seine Zucht, p. 149)

Figure 6.7 German settlers’ Karakul farms in South West Africa (present-day Namibia). (Frölich and Hornitschek, Das Karakulschaf und seine Zucht, pp. 28–29)

Figure 6.8 “Karakul, the black diamonds of South West Africa.” (Ilse Steinhof, Deutsche Heimat in Afrika. Ein Bildbuch aus unsern Kolonien, Wilhelm Limpert, 1939)

Figure 6.9 A German settler and a Karakul ram in South West Africa. (Steinhof, Deutsche Heimat in Afrika)

Figure 6.10 A descendant of the Halle flock of Karakul at the Sidi Mesri experiment station in Italian-occupied Libya, 1937. (Report on Karakul husbandry in western Libya, Archivio Istituto Italiano per l’Oltremare, fasc. 529)

Figure 6.11 A product of experimentation with Karakul at the Sidi Mesri experiment station, 1937. (Report on Karakul husbandry in western Libya, Archivio Istituto Italiano per l’Oltremare, fasc. 529)

Figure 6.12 A map of the Karakul reservation in southwest Angola. The numbers correspond to planned concessions; 1 indicates the Karakul Experiment Station. (O Caracul, Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisbon, 1959)

Figure 6.13 A 1963 photo taken at a Karakul exhibition, with President Admiral Américo Tomás at the center and the veterinarian Manuel dos Santos Pereira, head of the Karakul experiment station, to his right. (Diário da viagem do Presidente Américo Thomaz às províncias de Angola e S.Tomé e Príncipe, 1963, Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisbon, 1964)

Figure 6.14 The Karakul Experiment Station in the Namibe Desert in Angola, ca. 1960. (Arquivo Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento / MU / DGE / RRN / 1548 / 06127)

Figure 6.15 Manuel dos Santos Pereira’s instructions on how to build “indigenous huts,” 1958. (Arquivo Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento MU / DGE / RRN / 1548 / 16195)

Figure 6.16 A building at the Karakul Experiment Station designed according to “Portuguese house style” as codified by the Portuguese fascist regime, ca. 1960. (Arquivo Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento / MU / DGE / RRN / 1548 / 06127)

Figure 7.1 The 1933 Harvest Celebration at Bückeberg. (Achim Thiele and Kurt Goeltzer, Deutsche Arbeit im Vierjahresplan, Gerhard Stalling, 1933, p. 125)

Acknowledgments

This book owes much to many people. As with all the other subjects I’ve explored as an academic, it all started with conversations with Antonio Lafuente, an endless source of new ideas. In early 2004, just before I finished my dissertation in the history of science department of the Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) in Madrid, Antonio and I became increasingly interested in the theme of the mobilization of science in the twentieth century and in the particular forms that “Big Science” assumed in Spain and Portugal under those countries’ fascist regimes. In the following years, I would return to Madrid and present early versions of the chapters of the present book at the CSIC, where I benefited from discussions with its distinguished community of historians of science and science studies scholars, namely Juan Pimentel, Javier Ordoñez, Alberto Corsín Jiménez, Leoncio-López-Ocón, Jesus Bustamante, and Javier Moscoso.