Berlin

BERLIN

Also by David Clay Large

Between Two Fires:

Europe’s Path in the 1930s

Germans to the Front:

West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era

The Politics of Law and Order:

A History of the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr

Where Ghosts Walked:

Munich’s Road to the Third Reich

BERLIN

David Clay Large

A Member of the Perseus Books Group

Copyright © 2000 by David Clay Large

Published by Basic Books,

A Member of the Perseus Books Group

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews, for information address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.

Illustrations appear by permission of Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin; Archive Photos, New York; Bildarchiv preussicher Kulturbesitz, Berlin; Bundesarchiv, Berlin; Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.; Landesbildstelle, Berlin; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, Berlin; and Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin.

Designed by Heather Hutchison

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN-10: 0-465-02632-X     ISBN-13: 978-0-465-02632-6

ebook ISBN: 9780465010127

For Karl

ILLUSTRATIONS

(AKG = Archiv Für Kunst und Geschichte; BPK = Bilderarchiv preussicher Kulturbesitz; LBS = Landesbiltstelle; Ullstein = Ullstein Bilderdienst)

Berliner Dom (Berlin Cathedral) and Lustgarten, 1900 (LBS)

Kaiser Wilhelm I enters the Pariser Platz during the victory celebration in Berlin on June 16, 1871 (BPK)

Siegessäule, 1930 (LBS)

Reichstag, 1896 (LBS)

Bismarck with Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888 (BPK)

Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church), circa 1930 (LBS)

Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDaWe), 1910 (LBS)

Siegesallee, circa 1903 (LBS)

The Iron Rolling Mill: Modern Cyclops by Adolf von Menzel (BPK)

Käthe Kollwitz, circa 1905 (AKG)

Preparations for the Berlin Secession exhibition in 1904 (Bundesarchiv)

Ludwig Meidner, Apocalyptic Landscape, 1913 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)

Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse, circa 1900 (LBS)

Hotel Adlon, 1914 (LBS)

Magnus Hirschfeld, founder of the Institute for Sexual Research (LBS)

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, 1909 (Ullstein)

Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaims war from a balcony of the Royal Palace, August 1, 1914 (BPK)

Berliners admire a model trench in a local park, 1915 (BPK)

Hungry Berliners carve up a horse cadaver, 1918 (BPK)

Elephants from the Berlin Zoo pressed into service during World War I (Ullstein)

Claire Waldoff, Berlin’s favorite cabaret artist (LBS)

The “Iron Hindenburg” statue on the Königsplatz (LBS)

Soldiers returning from the front march through the Brandenburg Gate, December 1918 (BPK)

Revolutionaries man a machine gun atop the Brandenburg Gate, January 1919 (LBS)

An armored truck belonging to the Kapp forces, March 1920 (BPK)

Gustav Böss, governing mayor of Berlin, 1921–1930 (LBS)

Walther Rathenau in 1921, a year before his assassination (LBS)

Money being transported to a Berlin bank during the Great Inflation, 1923 (BPK)

German children demonstrating that it takes 100,000 marks to buy one U.S. dollar in early 1923 (Author collection)

Jews in Berlin’s Scheunenviertel, 1929 (LBS)

Romanisches Café, 1925 (LBS)

Bertolt Brecht, circa 1925 (LBS)

A scene from The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari, directed by Robert Wiene (BPK)

Fritz Lang, photographed in 1945 (AKG)

A scene from Lang’s Metropolis, 1925/26 (BPK)

The First International Dada Fair, Berlin, 1920 (BPK)

The Haller Review at Berlin’s Admiralspalast (BPK)

Kempinski Haus Vaterland on the Potsdamer Platz (AKG)

Erich Mendelsohn’s “Einstein Tower,” Potsdam, 1924 (LBS)

Elevated train at Gitschiner Strasse, 1930 (BPK)

Josephine Baker in her famous “banana skirt” (AKG)

Kurt Tucholsky (AKG)

George Grosz, Selbstporträt (Self-portrait), 1928 (AKG)

Alfred Döblin (LBS)

Joseph Goebbels, Berlin’s Gauleiter, 1932 (BPK)

W. H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, and Stephen Spender, 1930 (National Portrait Gallery, London)

Marlene Dietrich as Lola Lola in The Blue Angel, 1929 (BPK)

Franz von Papen at a governmental ceremony, August 1932 (BPK)

An unemployed man sifts through garbage in search of food, 1930 (BPK)

Reichstag president Hermann Göring and two Nazi parliamentary deputies, 1932 (BPK)

Nazi torchlight parade, January 30, 1933 (LBS)

The Reichstag on fire, February 27, 1933 (LBS)

Hitler with President Hindenburg at the “Day of Potsdam,” March 21, 1933 (AKG)

Nazi-orchestrated book-burning on Berlin’s Opernplatz, May 10, 1933 (AKG)