Superabundance

Percentage change in population

Percentage change in total cost

Total cost elasticity of population

Basic 50

1980–2018

38

50

71.2

−51.4

−0.72

World Bank 37

1960–2018

58

37

151.8

−57.2

−0.38

Jacks’s 40 blue-collar

1900–2018

118

40

330.3

−83.0

−0.25

Jacks’s 40 unskilled

1900–2018

118

40

330.3

−72.6

−0.22

Jacks’s 26 blue-collar

1850–2018

168

26

1,321.7

−75.7

−0.06

Jacks’s 26 unskilled

1850–2018

168

26

1,321.7

−48.9

−0.04

U.S. food prices blue-collar

1919–2019

100

42

212.4

−72.4

−0.34

U.S. food prices unskilled

1919–2019

100

42

212.4

−62.0

−0.29

U.S. finished goods blue-collar

1979–2019

40

35

44.5

−60.0

−1.35

U.S. finished goods unskilled

1979–2019

40

35

44.5

−58.0

−1.30

U.S. finished goods upskilling

1979–2019

40

35

44.5

−82.3

−1.85

U.S. cosmetic procedures blue-collar

1998–2018

20

19

18.9

−18.0

−0.95

U.S. cosmetic procedures unskilled

1998–2018

20

19

18.9

−11.9

−0.63

U.S. cosmetic procedures upskilling

1998–2018

20

19

18.9

−64.9

−3.43

Simon-Ehrlich 1980–1990

1980–1990

10

5

19.6

−45.9

−2.35

Simon-Ehrlich 1980–2018

1980–2018

38

5

71.2

−26.9

−0.38

Simon-Ehrlich 1900–2018 blue-collar

1900–2018

118

5

330.3

−53.5

−0.16

Simon-Ehrlich 1900–2018 unskilled

1900–2018

118

5

330.3

−25.1

−0.08

Source: Authors’ calculations.