Stalin: A Biography

Shlyapnikov, Alexander,

Shneidorovich, Dr M.G.

Sholokhov, Mikhail,

Shostakovich, Dmitri,

show trials,; in post-war eastern Europe, ref6

Shreider, A.

Shumyatski, Boris

Shvernik, Nikolai

Siberia: grain supplies from, ref1; see also Turukhansk District

Simonov, Konstantin

Siqueiros, David Alfaro

Sklarska Poreba, Poland,

Skobelev, Mikhail

Skrypnik, Mykola

Slánsky, Rudolf

Slovakia: reparations to USSR,

Smilga, Ivan,

Smirnov, A.P.,

Smirnov, Ivan,

Smolny Institute, Petrograd,

Smyrba, Hashim

Snesarev, Andrei,

Sochi,

Social-Federalists

socialism: as Marxist ideal

‘socialism in one country’,

Socialist-Revolutionaries: ridicule Stalin,; little appeal in Caucasus, ref3; leaders return to Switzerland, ref4; oppose Kerenski, ref5; and Democratic State Conference, ref6; support Provisional Government; walk out from Second Congress of Soviets; as potential rivals; arrested and sentenced, ref11

Sokolnikov, Grigori,

Solomin, V.G.

Solvychegodsk,

Sorge, Richard

Sotsial-Demokrat (newspaper)

Souvarine, Boris

Soviet Union: isolation; federal structure; title adopted (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics); and threat of outside intervention; and autonomous republics; economic development; modernity in; citizens’ rights in; Constitutions: (1924); (1936); and nationhood; political patronage and cliental groups; excluded from League of Nations; foreign policy; armaments production; USA recognises; non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany (1939); Winter War with Finland; Hitler plans to attack; Germans invade (Operation Barbarossa); German conquests and advance in; wartime scorched-earth policy; wartime economic organisation and production; Western Allies support for; wartime refugees in; national anthem; patriotism emphasised; Western Allies’ supplies to; victory over Germany; post-war power; human and material losses in war; post-war regime and repressions; devaluation and economic regeneration; student unrest in; post-war relations with Western Allies; and beginnings of Cold War; and Western containment policy; develops nuclear weapons; corruption and maladministration in; hostility to West; foreign influences excluded; reforms after Stalin’s death; collapse (1991); totalitarianism in; see also Russia (post-1991)

Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies (Petrograd)

soviets (councils): formed,; as source of power

sovkhozes (collective farms)

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): composition; Stalin’s role in; and national question; and Gosplan’s control of economy; redesignated Council of Ministers; see also Council of Ministers

Spain: Eurocommunism in

Spandaryan, Suren,

Spanish Civil War,

Spanish Communist Party

specialists: Stalin’s hostility to,; tried; and Stakhanovite movement; Ordzhonikidze protects

Stakhanov, Alexei

Stakhanovites

STALIN, JOSEPH

CHARACTERISTICS: reputation and image; reading; mental state; cultivates conciliatory manner; vindictiveness; rebelliousness at seminary; isolation; speechmaking; physical bravery; liking for children; as thinker and theorist; need to dominate; uncouth manner; joking and mimicry; suspects conspiracies and plots; resentment and sense of being undervalued; impatience in Sovnarkom meetings; outfaces rivals in Party meetings; conspiratorial practices; leadership qualities; flirting; gives money to beggar; lacks interests outside politics; national identity; behaviour as ruler; mental processes and moral values; multifaceted nature; smoking; personal austerity; rivalry with Hitler; remoteness from public in war; manner with colleagues and subordinates; aloofness from post-war conditions; daily routine; intellectual interests; pride in Soviet achievements; unpredictability in old age