Stalin: A Biography

7. O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’ in J. Cooper et al., Soviet History, 1917–1953; O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Reasons for the “Great Terror”: The Foreign-Political Aspect’ in S. Pons and A. Romano, Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945.

8. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, pp. 682–3. Although Stalin referred here to the OGPU, its department name after being subsumed in the NKVD in 1934 was the GUGB.

9. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, pp. 135–73

10. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 14, pp. 189–91.

11. ‘Materialy fevral’skogo-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 10 (1994), pp. 13–27; no. 2 (1995), pp. 22–6; and no. 3 (1995), pp. 3–15.

12. Quoted in O. Khlevnyuk, 1937-i, p. 77.

13. See M. Jansen and N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, pp. 76–7.

14. B. Starkov, Dela i lyudi stalinskogo vremeni, p. 47.

15. Ibid., pp. 48–9.

16. Trud, 4 June 1992.

17. Ibid.

18. N. Okhotin and A. Roginskii, ‘Iz istorii “nemetskoi operatsii” NKVD 1937–1938 gg.’, p. 46.

19. Izvestiya, 10 June 1992.

20. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 46.

21. Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, p. 38.

22. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, pp. 364–97

23. RGASPI, f. 73, op. 2, d. 19, p. 101.

24. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 245.

25. See S. S. Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 185–6.

32. The Cult of Impersonality

1. I. Tovstukha, ‘Stalin (Dzhughashvili), Iosif Vissarionovich’, pp. 698–700.

2. Pravda, 21 December 1929.

3. See below, pp. 541–2.

4. ‘Stalin o “Kratkom kurse po istorii VKP(b)”. Stenogramma vystupleniya no soveshchanii propagandistov Moskvy i Leningrada…’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1994), p. 10.

5. Stalin. K shestidesyatiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, pp. 193–4

6. Pravda, 1 January 1931. See also the account in J. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 80–1.

7. Pravda, 1 January 1937.

8. Ibid., 29 June 1936.

9. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 175. This came in a speech given at a Kremlin reception for recently elected USSR Supreme Soviet deputies on 20 January 1938.

10. A. Fadeev (ed.), Vstrechi s tovarishchem Stalinym, pp. 40, 98, 112, 133, 160, 178 and 195.

11. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 123.

12. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 526.

13. I. A. Valedinskii, ‘Vospominaniya o vstrechakh o t. I. V. Staline’, p. 72.

14. Stalin i Khasim (1901–1902 gg.). Nekotorye epizody iz batumskogo podpol’ya.

15. V. Shveitser, Stalin v turukhanskoi ssylke. Vospominaniya podpol’shchika.

16. H. Barbusse, Staline: Un monde nouveau vu à travers d’un homme.

17. See F. Bettanin, La fabbrica del mito, p. 157.

18. For an exception to the trend see ibid., p. 174.

19. The possibility should not be discounted that the admiration of Lenin was genuine.

20. See also below, pp. 541–2.

21. Istoriya Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (Bol’shevikov). Kratkii kurs.

22. Ibid., pp. 198–204.

23. See above, pp. 292–3.

24. Pravda, 7 October 1935.

25. V. Kaminskii and I. Vereshchagin, ‘Detstvo i yunost’ vozhdya: dokumenty, zapisi, rasskazy’, pp. 22–100.

26. Ibid.

27. Pis’ma ko vlasti, pp. 124 ff.

28. O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, p. 146.

29. Cited by N. N. Maslov, ‘Ob utverzhdenii ideologii stalinizma’, p. 78.

30. V. Ivanov, ‘Krasnaya ploshchad’, Novyi mir, no. 11 (1937), pp. 259–60.

31. K. Chukovskii, Dnevniki, 1930–1969, p. 86. I owe this reference to B. S. Ilizarov, ‘Stalin. Bolezn’, smert’ i “bessmertie”’, pp. 294–5.

32. S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants, pp. 289–96.

33. Obshchestvo i vlast’. 1930-e gody, p. 25.

34. S. Davies discusses the ambiguities of the evidence in Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, pp. 155–82.

33. Brutal Reprieve

1. Iz vospominanii Sukhanova D. N., byvshego pomoshchnika Malenkova G. M.’, Volkogonov Archive, reel no. 8, p. 5.