Stalin: A Biography

15. K. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917–1941; N. Lampert, The Technical Intelligentsia and the Soviet State: A Study of Soviet Managers and Technicians, 1928–1935.

16. See T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 52.

17. See R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 185–6.

18. Pravda, 5 February 1931.

19. Quoted from central party archives by N. N. Maslov, ‘Ob utverzhdenii ideologii stalinizma’, p. 60.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid., p. 61.

22. Ibid.

23. R. W. Davies, The Socialist Offensive, pp. 252–68.

24. Pravda, 2 March 1930.

25. See A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, p. 171.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid., p. 174.

28. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 194: message, no earlier than 6 August 1930.

29. Ibid., p. 204.

30. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska. 1931–1936 gg., p. 51.

31. Pravda, 5 February 1931.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, p. 45.

35. Pravda, 5 February 1931

36. See J. Harris, The Great Urals, pp. 70–1.

37. See R. W. Davies, Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 1931–1933, pp. 302–16.

25. Ascent to Supremacy

1. About his real birthday see above, p. 14.

2. The exception in the Politburo was Bukharin.

3. See W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, p. 63.

4. Tak govoril Kaganovich, pp. 59–60.

5. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 262.

6. To chair the Politburo, the Orgburo or the Secretariat was not the same as to be its chairman; and when in 1928 the minutes recorded Kaganovich as Orgburo Chairman, there was a furious protest and Molotov had to agree to amend them: RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 255, p. 98. See below, p. 363 for the possibility that Stalin learned from the precedent of the Roman Emperor Augustus.

7. See E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin as Leader, 1924–1937: From Oligarch to Dictator’, p. 27. See also R. W. Davies, M. Ilic and O. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Politburo and Economic Decision-Making’, p. 110.

8. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, pp. 222–3.

9. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, pp. 144–5.

10. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 191.

11. Ibid., p. 237.

12. See O. Khlevnyuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze, pp. 19–31.

13. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, p. 217.

14. Ibid., pp. 231–2.

15. Ibid., p. 232.

16. Ibid., pp. 231–2.

17. Quoted in B. S. Ilizarov, Tainaya zhizn’ Stalina, p. 93.

18. RGASPI, f. 78, op. 2, d. 38, p. 38.

19. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 187.

20. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 166.

21. Ibid., p. 167.

22. See T. H. Rigby, ‘Was Stalin a Disloyal Patron?’

23. A. Kriegel and S. Courtois, Eugen Fried, pp. 121 and 125.

24. Stalin i Kaganovich, p. 665: telegram of 6 September 1936.

25. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 33.

26. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 107.

27. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 180.

28. L. Trotskii, Moya zhizn’.

29. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, 1925–1936 gg., p. 231.

30. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1990), pp. 63–74.

31. Reabilitatsiya: politicheskie protsessy 30–50-kh godov, pp. 334–443. See also The Road to Terror (ed. O. V. Naumov and J. A. Getty) pp. 52–4.

32. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 54–5.

33. L’Armata Rossa e la collettiviazione delle campagne nell’ URSS (1928–1933), pp. 164, 302 and 356.

26. The Death of Nadya

1. R. Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, p. 142.

2. Ibid., p. 208.

3. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 286.

4. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 99–100.

5. Reported by R. Richardson from an interview with Svetlana Allilueva, The Long Shadow, p. 125.