Rust by Example

match f.read_to_string(&mut s) {

Ok(_) => Ok(s),

Err(e) => Err(e),

}

}

// A simple implementation of `% echo s > path`

fn echo(s: &str, path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {

let mut f = File::create(path)?;

f.write_all(s.as_bytes())

}

// A simple implementation of `% touch path` (ignores existing files)

fn touch(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {

match OpenOptions::new().create(true).write(true).open(path) {

Ok(_) => Ok(()),

Err(e) => Err(e),

}

}

fn main() {

println!("`mkdir a`");

// Create a directory, returns `io::Result<()>`

match fs::create_dir("a") {

Err(why) => println!("! {:?}", why.kind()),

Ok(_) => {},

}

println!("`echo hello > a/b.txt`");

// The previous match can be simplified using the `unwrap_or_else` method

echo("hello", &Path::new("a/b.txt")).unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

println!("`mkdir -p a/c/d`");

// Recursively create a directory, returns `io::Result<()>`

fs::create_dir_all("a/c/d").unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

println!("`touch a/c/e.txt`");

touch(&Path::new("a/c/e.txt")).unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

println!("`ln -s ../b.txt a/c/b.txt`");

// Create a symbolic link, returns `io::Result<()>`

if cfg!(target_family = "unix") {

unix::fs::symlink("../b.txt", "a/c/b.txt").unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

}

println!("`cat a/c/b.txt`");

match cat(&Path::new("a/c/b.txt")) {

Err(why) => println!("! {:?}", why.kind()),

Ok(s) => println!("> {}", s),

}

println!("`ls a`");

// Read the contents of a directory, returns `io::Result>`

match fs::read_dir("a") {

Err(why) => println!("! {:?}", why.kind()),

Ok(paths) => for path in paths {

println!("> {:?}", path.unwrap().path());

},

}

println!("`rm a/c/e.txt`");

// Remove a file, returns `io::Result<()>`

fs::remove_file("a/c/e.txt").unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

println!("`rmdir a/c/d`");

// Remove an empty directory, returns `io::Result<()>`

fs::remove_dir("a/c/d").unwrap_or_else(|why| {

println!("! {:?}", why.kind());

});

}

Here's the expected successful output:

$ rustc fs.rs && ./fs

`mkdir a`

`echo hello > a/b.txt`

`mkdir -p a/c/d`

`touch a/c/e.txt`

`ln -s ../b.txt a/c/b.txt`

`cat a/c/b.txt`

> hello

`ls a`

> "a/b.txt"

> "a/c"

`rm a/c/e.txt`

`rmdir a/c/d`

And the final state of the a directory is:

$ tree a

a

|-- b.txt

`-- c

`-- b.txt -> ../b.txt

1 directory, 2 files

An alternative way to define the function cat is with ? notation:

fn cat(path: &Path) -> io::Result {

let mut f = File::open(path)?;

let mut s = String::new();

f.read_to_string(&mut s)?;

Ok(s)

}

See also:

cfg!

Program arguments

Standard Library