Philosophy as a way of life

Festugiere, La revelation d'Hmnis Trismegiste, vol. 2, Paris 1949, pp. 44 1 ff.

39 Blaise Pascal, Pensees, Section 2, §72, p. 347 Brunschvicg. Cf. the quotation from Ernest Renan, below.

40 [The word "nausea" is here used in the Sartrean sense of sudden, almost physical disgust before the absurd meaninglessness oflife; cf. Jean-Paul Sartre, La Nausee, Paris 1938. - Trans.]

41 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 8, 24.

42 Ibid, 2, 2.

43 Ibid, 6, 13.

44 Ibid, S, 33, 2.

45 Ibid, 10, 10.

46 Ibid, 1 0, 19.

47 Ibid, 4, 48, 3.

48 Ibid, 10, 27.

49 Ibid, 6, 46.

SO Ibid, 4, 32.

51 Ibid, 10, 1 8; 3 1 .

52 Ibid, S, 33.

53 Ibid, 3, 10.

54 Ibid, 9, 30.

55' Ibid, 7, 2 1 .

56 Epictetus, Discourses, 4, 1 , 143.

57 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 12, 2, 3.

58 Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, 3, 944-9.

59 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 4, 1 1 , 1-2.

60 [In Stoic epistemology, a phantasia leataleplilee was a 'sense-presentation so clear and irrefutable that it entailed immediate assent. Since the correspondence between representations and objects could not otherwise be verified, it was thus the Stoics' only criterion of judgment between truth and falsehood. - Trans.]

61 Epictetus, Discourses, 3, 8, 4.

62 Ibid.

63 E.g. R.B. Rutherford, The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study, Oxford 1989, p. 243.

64 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 9, 36.

65 Ibid, 8, 24, cited above., n. 41.

M Sc:m:co, l.rtt,.,. to /,11rili11s, 1 07, 2 .

204

Figures

67 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 6, 36, 2.

68 Ibid, 6, l; 6, S.

69 Ibid, 3, 2.

70 Cf. above.

71 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 1 2, I .

72 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 8, 24.

73 Cf. above.

74 Ibid, 9, l, 9.

75 Cf. I. Hadot, Seneca und die griectisch-romische Tradition der Seelenleitung, Berlin 1 969, pp. 56--7.

76 Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 1 9, I , 1 4.

77 Cf. below.

78 Epictetus, Manual, I, I .

79 Cf. esp. Epictetus, Discourses, I , 4, 1 1 ; 3 , 2 , 1 ; 3 , 1 2, I .

80 Epictetus, Manual, S .

8 1 Epictetus, Discourses, 4 , 3 , 13ff.

82 [On the tripartite division of philosophy in ant1qutty, cf. P. Hadot, "La mi:taphysique du Porphyrc," in Porphyre (= Entreticns Hardt sur l'Antiquiti: Classique 1 2), Vandoeuvrcs/Geneva 1 966; Hadot, "La division des parties de la philosophic dans l'Antiquite,'' Museum Helevetfrum 36 (1 979), pp. 201-23.

- Trans.]

83 Epictetus, Discourses, I, 1 2, I S.

84 Ibid, I, 1 2, 1 7.

85 Ibid, I, 1 2, 8.

86 Ibid, 2, 10, S.

87 This was already noticed by M. Pohlenz, Die Stoa. Geschichtt einer geistigen Be111egung, 1948-9; Sth edn, 2 vols, Gt;ttingcn 1978-80, vol. 2, p. 162.

88 Epictetus, Discourses, I, I, 25.

89 Ibid, 3, 24, 103. On the importance of having memorable sayings "at hand"

(procheiron), see above.

90 Homer, Odyssey, 20, 18-23.

91 The resemblances which have been proposed between Epictetus and Panaitios, Eudorus, and Seneca (cf. Pohlenz, Die Stoa, vol. 2, p. 162) are not very convincing.

92 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 1 1 , 37.

93 Ibid, 9, 36; cf. above. Cf. also ibid, 7, 54, quoted above.

94 Ibid, 8, 7.

95 Ibid, 9, 7.

96 Ibid, 4, 33.

97 Euarestein. The same term is used by Epictetus; cf. Discourses, I, 1 2, 8.

98 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 8, 52.

99 Ibid, 3, 1 1 .

1 00 Cf. ibid, 4, 33; 3, 2, 6; 4, 44.

101 [An adaptation of Euripides, fr. 898 Nauck, 2nd edn. The same quotation had already been used by Aristotle in his discussion of friendship at Nicomacheari Ethics, 8, 2, l l S5a32ff. - Trans.]

1 02 Ibid, 1 0, 2 1 .

Marcus Aurelius

205

103 Ibid, 3, 1 6, 2.

104 Ibid, 7, 1 3 .

105 Ibid, 7 , 22.

1 06 [For the Stoics, there was a fundamental identity between the "inner [endiathetos]

logos," or thought, and the "outer [prophorikos] logos," or speech. - Trans.]

1 07 Ibid, 9, l , 2-4.

108 On the concept of prosoche, cf. above.

109 Meditations, 3, 9.

1 10 Ibid., I, 7, 3.

1 1 1 Arrian, ltller to Lucius Gellius, in Epictetus, Discourses, vol. I, p. 4, 2-4 Oldfather.

1 12 Aulus Gellius, Allie Nights, I, 2.

l l3 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 4, 41 = Epictetus fr. 26, vol. 2, p. 47 1 Oldfather.

1 1 4 Cf., for example, Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.

1 1 5 Cf. M. Alexandre, "Le travail de la sentence chez Marc Aurele: philosophic et rhetorique," in Formes breves (= Publications de la Faculte des Lettres et des Langues de l'Universite de Poitiers 3), Poitiers 1 979.

1 16 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 3, 4, 5; 3, 1 1 , 4; 3, 1 6, 3; 4, 26, 4. In this and in the following notes, I have given only the minimum number of examples, so as not to strain the reader's patience with an excess of tedious references.

1 17 Ibid, 3, I I ; 8, 6; 1 1 , 2.

1 18 Ibid, 3, 2; 4, 36, 2.

1 19 Ibid, 2, 12, 3; 2, 14; 2, 17, 4-5; 3, 3.

1 20 Ibid, 7, 1 3, 3; 7, 22.

121 Ibid, 2, 1 6, 6; 12, 20.

1 22 Cf. ibid, 1, 1 2, 8.

1 23 Cf. ibid, 8, 1 3 .