Lingwa De Planeta (Lidepla) Grammar With Examples

a wo —

where, where to

Indefinite personal pronoun oni

Makes impersonal sentences like:

oni shwo — they say

oni samaji ke... — one understands that..., it's clear that...

Reflexive pronoun swa

Common reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers:

yu jan swa — you know yourself

ela heni swa — she hates herself

me he woshi swa — I washed myself

lu he rasi swa — he shaved himself

li senti swa hao — they feel themselves good.

The possessive form is swa-ney (one's own, my own, your own, our own, their own):

bay swa-ney okos — with one's own eyes.

The pronoun wan

It means an individual:

Pyan wan — (someone who is) drunk.

Adulte wan — an adult.

Wan kel es hir, chu! — (The one) who is here, come out!

Wan kel jan, ta bu shwo. — He who knows, he doesn't speak (the one who knows, doesn't speak).

Toy wan kel yao mog go wek. — Those who want may go away.

The system of pronouns and adverbs

In LdP there is a system of compound pronouns and adverbs. Its important elements are:

koy — some

eni — any, whatever

kada — every

otre — other, another

ol — all, the whole of

nul — no (whatever), none (whatever)

These elements combining with others (loko — place (the suffix "lok" means "place" too), taim — time, ves — time (instance), wan — an individual, komo — how, -sa — noun suffix) may produce compound pronouns and adverbs:

koysa — something

koywan — someone

koylok — somewhere

koytaim — "somewhen", sometime

koygrad — to some degree

koykomo — in some way

enisa — anything, whatever

eniwan — anybody, anyone, any (person)

enilok — anywhere

enitaim — anytime

enikomo — in any way

kadawan — everyone

kadalok — everywhere

oltaim — all the time, constantly

nullok — nowhere

nulgrad — not in the least

nulwan — nobody

nulves — not once, never

unves — once, one day

koyves — sometimes

otreves — next time, another time

enives — ever (at any time)

otrelok — in another place.

But there are also short, simple words for some concepts:

always — sempre

never — neva

nothing — nixa

everything — olo

all, everybody — oli.

Verbs

Verb types

There are two verb types:

i-verbs (type 1) and other verbs (type 2).

i-verbs are the verbs that end in consonant+i, e. g.:

vidi — to see

audi — to hear

fini — to finish

sidi — to sit

dumi — to think

fobisi — to frighten

pri — to like

chi — to eat

pi — to drink.

Monosyllabic i-verbs like pri, chi, pi constitute a specific subtype characterized by that in derivation their -i is always preserved, e. g.:

chi — chier, chiing

pi — pier, piing

(cf.: swimi — swimer, swiming).

Examples of type 2 verbs:

jan — to know

gun — to work

zun — to be occupied with, devote oneself to

shwo — to say, to speak

go — to go

yao — to want

lwo — to fall

flai — to fly

krai — to cry

prei — to pray

joi — to rejoice, be happy

jui — to enjoy, revel in

emploi — to employ

kontinu — to continue.

Verbs with prefixes fa- and mah-, which contain adjectives, are type 2 verbs too:

fa-syao — to diminish, become smaller (syao small)

fa-muhim — to become more important (muhim important)

mah-hao — make better, improve (hao good).

The main verb form

This is the only verb form that one has to memorize. It is used in all cases, with particles or adverbs added for clarity when needed.

Examples:

treba dumi — one should think

me (yu, ta, nu, yu, li) dumi — I (you, he/she, we, you, they) think

Dumi! — Think!

Me yao ke yu dumi hao om to. — I'd like you to think well about it (“I want that you think well about it”).

Tu samaji es tu pardoni. — To understand is to forgive.

Es taim fo samaji ke... — It's time to understand that...

Nu samaji se. — We understand this.

Samaji! — Understand!

Wud bi muy hao, si yu samaji ke... — It would be very good if you understand that…

Tu go a kino es hao. — It is good to go to the cinema.

Lu sal go a kino. — He is going to go to the cinema.

Lu go a kino. — He goes (or is going) to the cinema.

Go ahir! — Go here!

Me nadi ke yu go a kino. — I hope that you go to the cinema.

Negation is formed by means of the particle bu placed before a verb or tense particle:

Me bu samaji. — I don't understand.

Lu bu yao. — He doesn't want.

Bu go dar! — Don't go there!

Bu shwo ke yu bu jan-te! — Don't say that you didn't know!

Verb forms

Verb forms are basically the main verb form plus a particle before or after the verb. If a particle comes after the verb, it is written with a hyphen. Thus, the main verb form is always evident, and its stress is preserved.

Particles before the verb:

ve — future tense marker;

he — past tense marker

zai — marker of continuous aspect

wud — conditional marker