Jerusalem: The Biography

16 Ahaz and Isaiah – all references from Book of Isaiah: vision of Jerusalem as sinful nation 1.4; Jerusalem as woman-harlot 1.21 and mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem 10.32; Jerusalem as guide to nations 2.1–5; Zion in every place 4.5; God in temple 6.1–2; Ahaz 7; Emmanuel 8.8 and a child born 9.6–7; judgement and justice/wolf and lamb, guidance to gentiles 11.4–11; judgement day 26.1–2 and 14–19. Fall of Israel: 2 K 15–17. Finkelstein/Silberman 211–21, 243–8. Jews of Iran: K. Farrokh, Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (henceforth Farrokh) 25–7. M. Cogan, ‘Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon’, in Oxford History 242–3. Campbell, Oxford History 236–9. Latest findings on Jewish genetics: ‘Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similiarity’, New York Times 9 June 2010.

17 Hezekiah: 2 K 18–20, 2 C 29–31. New walls, houses: Isaiah 22.9–11. New Jerusalem: swords into ploughshares: Isaiah 2.4; justice 5.8–25, 1.12–17. Sennacherib and Hezekiah: Isaiah 36–8. New rites: 2 C 30. Jeremiah 41.5. Hezekiah’s tunnel and building: 2 K 20.20 and 2 C 32.30. New quarters: 2 C 32.5. Siloam Inscription: Bahat, Atlas 26–7. Jar-handles belonging to the king: BM 62. Lmlk: for the king – Hoffmeier 108. Reich, Shukron and Lernau, ‘Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’, Israel Exploration Journal 57 (2007) 153–69. Royal Steward inscription: BM 65 – confirming Isaiah 22. 15–25. Judaean headdress: BM 72. Grabbe, Ancient Israel 169–70. Archaeology 66; the wall, 137, possibly Nehemiah 3.8. Finkelstein/Silberman 234–43 and 251–64. Hurowitz, Oxford History 15–35.

18 Sennacherib and Assyria: this section is based on J. E. Curtis and J. E. Reade (eds), Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum, including: the dress of a Judaean soldier 71; the dress of Sennacherib on campaign is based on the reliefs of various Assyrian kings on campaign; the siege of Jerusalem is based on the Lachish reliefs of Nineveh. Assyria: Miles, Ancient Worlds 68–77. Grabbe, Ancient Israel 167; Assyrian texts 185. Egyptian rule: Wilkinson, Egypt 430–35. Disaster of war: Nahum 3.1–3. Micah 1.10–13. Isaiah 1o: 28–32 and chapters 36–8. Cogan, Oxford History 244–51.

19 Manasseh: 2 K 21. Child sacrifice: Exodus 22.29. Kings of Jerusalem child sacrifice: 2 K 16.3 and 21.6. See also: 2 C 28.3, Leviticus 18.21, 2 K 17.31, 2 K 17.17, Jeremiah 7.31 (see Rashi commentary) and Jeremiah 32.35. Phoenician/Carthaginian child sacrifice and discovery of tophet in Tunisia: Miles, Carthage Must be Destroyed 68–73. On Manasseh: Finkelstein/Silberman 263–77. Miles, Ancient Worlds, Grabbe, Ancient Israel 169. Cogan, Oxford History 252–7. Hurowitz, Sacred Esplanade 15–35.

20 Isaiah 8.1; 9.6–7; 11.4–11; 26.1–2, 14–19. Josiah: 2 K 22 and 23, 2 C 35.20–5. De Vaux 336–9. Hurowitz, Sacred Esplanade 15–35.

21 Fall: 2 K 24–5. Jeremiah 34.1–7, 37–9, 52. Depravity, hunger, cruelty, cannibalism, menstruous lamentation 1.17; cruelty of women 4.3; children meat 4.10. Psalms 74 and 137. Daniel 1.4 and 5; Desolation, Daniel 11.31. Lachish ostracon: BM 87–8. Iron arrowheads, Bahat, Atlas 28. Lavatory/sewer: Auld and Steiner, Jerusalem 44. House of the Bullae: Archaeological Park 52–4. Gemariah son of Shephan: Jeremiah 36.9–12. Ivory sceptre: Hoffmeier 98. The section on Babylon is based on I. L. Finkel and M. J. Seymour, Babylon: Myth and Reality; D. J. Wiseman, Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon; Finkelstein/Silberman 296–309; Wilkinson, Egypt 441–4; Tom Holland, Persian Fire 46–7. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 69–71. Cogan, Oxford History 262–8. Grabbe, Ancient Israel 170–84. De Vaux 98. Hurowitz, Sacred Esplanade 15–35.