C++ Primer Plus

structures, 145–146

when to use, 644

equality operator (==), compared to assignment operator, 218–220

equal() function, 1288–1292

equal.cpp, 219

equality operator (==), 217

compared to assignment operator, 218–220

equal_range() function, 1024, 1304, 1309

equal_range() method, 1283, 1285–1286

erase() method, 982–984, 1267, 1278, 1282

erasing strings, 1267–1268

error codes, returning, 898–900

error handling. See handling exceptions

error1.cpp, 897–898

error2.cpp, 899

error3.cpp, 901

error4.cpp, 906–907

error5.cpp, 910, 913

escape sequences, 84–85

estimate() function, 362–364

eternal loops, 232

exact matches, 432–434

exceed.cpp, 75

exception class, 917

exception handlers, 900, 933

exception handling, 896–897, 900, 933

abort() function, 897–898

bad_alloc exceptions, 921

catching exceptions, 900, 916–917

cautions, 931–932

error codes, returning, 898–900

exception class, 917

exception handlers, 900

inheritance, 922–927

sales.cpp, 924

sales.h, 922

use_sales.cpp, 925–927

invalid_argument exceptions, 919

length_error exceptions, 919

logic_error exceptions, 918

objects as exceptions, 903–908

out_of_bounds exceptions, 919

range_error exceptions, 919

real-world note, 933

runtime_error exceptions, 919

stdexcept exception classes, 918–920

throwing exceptions, 900, 915–916

try blocks, 901–903

uncaught exceptions, 928–931

unexpected exceptions, 928–931

unwinding the stack, 909–910, 913–914

exception specifications, C++11, 908

exceptions, 1158

exceptions() stream state method, 1098–1102

exclamation point (!), logical NOT operator, 267–269

alternative representations, 270

precedence, 269

exc_mean.cpp, 905–906

executable code, 18

exit() function, 930

explicit, 1159–1160

explicit instantiations, 428–430, 850

explicit keyword, 610

explicit specializations, 425, 850–851

example, 426–428

third-generation specialization, 425–426

exporting, templates, 1162

express.cpp, 200

expression arguments, 844

expressions, 97, 200–202

combining with comma operator, 214

compared to statements, 201

conditional operator (?::), 273–274

declaration-statement expressions, 202

logical AND (&&), 262

alternative representations, 270

example, 263–265

precedence, 269–270

ranges, 265–267

logical NOT (!), 267–269

alternative representations, 270

precedence, 269

logical OR (||), 260–262

alternative representations, 270

example, 261–262

precedence, 269

relational operators, 217–218, 220

C-style strings, comparing, 220–223

equality operator (==), 218–220

string class strings, comparing, 223–224

table of, 217

sequence points, 208–209

side effects, 201, 208–209

type conversions, 105–106

extern keyword, 467–472

functions, 474

external declarations, 143

external linkage, 454

external variables, 463, 466–467

external.cpp, 465

ext_permutation() algorithm, 1038

F

factorials, calculating, 203–205

fail() method, 296, 1101

fail() stream state method, 1098–1102

failbit stream state, 1097–1102

failbits, 130

fields

bit fields, 148

width, 1080–1081

file extensions, 20

file I/O, 1114

checking stream states, 1118–1119

command-line processing, 1119–1120

file modes, 1122

appending data to files, 1125–1127

binary, 1127–1133

constants, 1122–1123

opening files, 1124–1125

text, 1129

files, random access, 1133–1142

opening multiple files, 1119

reading, 1116–1118

writing, 1115–1118

file scope, 454

file1.cpp, 451

file2.cpp, 452

filefunc.cpp, 406–407

fileio.cpp, 1117

files, 1129

associating objects with, 289

client files, creating, 533–536

climits, 71–73

compiling separately, 447–449, 453

cpp filename extension, 28

ctime, 229

EOF (end-of-file) conditions, 237–240

header filenames, 34

header files, 448–449

converting to standard C++, 1331

creating, 530

cstring, 123–124

managing, 451

implementation files, creating, 530

include files, 96