Аристотель. Идеи и интерпретации

Ключевые слова: Гален, история медицины, Об учениях Гиппократа и Платона, стоики, врачи-эмпирики.

Dmitry Balalykin

The physiological experiment as the basis for Galen’s arguments in polemics with opponents

Based on his de placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, Book II

An analysis of the second book of the treatise De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis shows that Galen consistently builds his argument in a polemic with his opponents, empiricist doctors, on the basis of data obtained as a result of systematic anatomical dissections that can be considered the basis of «experiment» in ancient medicine. Galen’s unique thinking manifests itself primarily in his synthetic approach to the formation of the theory of medical knowledge: he borrows the techniques necessary for carrying out tasks from different systems of natural philosophy, constantly rechecking their correctness on the help of extensive «experimental» data, such as the results of autopsies as well as anatomical and clinical observations. According to the author, his extensive polemic with the Stoics has an exclusively applied nature, as their philosophical views formed the basis of the empiricist natural philosophy. In the article, I raise the question of the relation between early Stoic ideas about the methods of knowledge with empiricist doctors’ medical practice and their views on general pathology.

Keywords: Galen, history of medicine, Stoics, empiricist doctors.

А.Ю. Серегина

Аристотелевская традиция и популярная медицинская литература XVII века

Джейн Шарп. Книга повитух

В статье рассматривается первый медицинский текст, опубликованный женщиной в Англии XVII в.: Книга повитух Джейн Шарп (1671 г.). Сочинение анализируется как в контексте современного ей медицинского дискурса, сформированного восходящими к Античности аристотелевской и галеновской традициями и открытиями ренессансных анатомов, так и в контексте «споров о женщинах» XVII в. Рассматриваются пути рецепции аристотелевских текстов, риторические стратегии, примененные автором в цитировании работ Аристотеля; показано, как обращение к авторитетному античному философу становится для женщины способом косвенного участия в современной ей полемике и доказательства способности к критическому мышлению. Сопоставление текста Шарп и ее источников — популярных медицинских сборников Николаса Калпепера и Хелкайи Крука демонстрирует механизм усвоения аристотелевских идей женщинами, находившимися за рамками университетской латиноязычной культуры.

Ключевые слова: Джейн Шарп, Книга повитух, медицина, родовспоможение, эмбриология, Аристотель, Гален, Николас Калпепер, Хелкайя Крук, анатомия, «споры о женщинах», риторические стратегии.

Anna Seregina

Aristotelian tradition and the 17th-century popular medical literature

The Book of mid Wives by Jane Sharp

The article presents a study of the first medical work published by a woman in the seventeenth-century England: the Book of Midwives (1671) by Jane Sharp. Her text has been analysed in the context of the contemporary medical discourse shaped by Aristotelian and Galenic traditions and the discoveries made by the Renaissance anatomists, and in the context of the 17^th-century «Querelle des femmes». The study shows the ways for the reception of Aristotelian texts, rhetorical strategies employed by Sharp in the citing of his works. It has been demonstrated that appeal to the Classical philosopher was used as a way for woman to participate in contemporary debate and to prove her ability for critical thinking. The juxtaposition of the texts by Sharp and that of her sources — popular medical compilations by Nicholas Culpeper and Helkiah Crook — points to the mechanism of the reception of Aristotelian ideas by women who were placed outside of the Latin culture of universities.

Keywords: Jane Sharp, Book of Midwives, medicine, obstetrics, embryology, Aristotle, Galen, Nichoolas Culpeper, Helkiah Crook, anatomy, «Querelle des femmes», rhetorical strategies.

Авторы/ Contributors

Афонасин Евгений Васильевич — доктор философских наук, профессор, Новосибирский государственный университет (Новосибирск); [email protected]

Afonasin, Eugene — DSc (in Philosophy), Professor, Novosibirsk State University (Novosibirsk); [email protected]